ORTHOPEDICS OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMB.

Foreword
Foreword for the First Edition/Orthopedics of the Upper and Lower Limb, by K. Mohan Iyer
Preface
	Acknowledgements
Preface
	Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
Part I: The Upper Limb
	1: Clinical Examination of the Shoulder (Basic and Surface Anatomy) with Special Tests
		Ossification of the Bones of the Shoulder
			Relations of the Joint
			Rotator Cuff Muscles
			Functions of the Rotator Cuff Muscles
		Bursae in Relation to the Shoulder Joint
			Blood Supply and Nerve Supply
		Movements of the Shoulder
		Special Tests for the Shoulder
			Stability of the Shoulder
			Biceps Tests
			Impingement Tests
			Other Tests
		References
	2: Shoulder Joint
		Dislocation/Recurrent/Habitual Dislocation of the Shoulder
			Dislocation of the Shoulder
				Epidemiology
				Anatomy
				Pathoanatomy of Shoulder Dislocations
				Clinical Features
				Radiographic Evaluation
				Management
				Complications
			Recurrent Dislocation of the Shoulder
				Normal Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
				Glenohumeral Ligaments
				Muscles Around the Shoulder Joint
				Importance of Synchronous Movement of the Scapula
				Pathoanatomy
			Classification
				Matsen’s [1, 2] Simplified Classification System
				History
				Stability of the Shoulder Joint
				Rehabilitation Program after Anterior Capsulolabral Reconstruction
				Reconstruction of Anterior Glenoid Using Iliac Crest Bone Autograft
				Unsuccessful Surgical Repairs for Anterior Instability
				Posterior Instability of the Shoulder
				Conservative Treatment
				Indications of Surgery
				Surgical Treatment
				Neer Inferior Capsular Shift Procedure Through a Posterior Approach
				Causes of Failure in Surgical Repair of Posterior Shoulder Instability
				McLaughlin Procedure
				Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder
				Arthroscopic Procedure
			Habitual Dislocation of the Shoulder
				Milwaukee Shoulder Syndrome (MSS)
				Shoulder Dystocia (SD)
				Acromioclavicular Joint Arthritis
					Risk Factors
					Causes
						Primary Osteoarthritis
						Posttraumatic Arthritis
						Distal Clavicle Osteolysis
					Grading of Osteoarthritis
					Types of Separation
					Shoulder Separations are Graded from Type I to VI
					Evaluation and Diagnosis
					Specific Tests
					Radiological Examination
						X-Rays
						Ultrasonography
						MRI
				Sternoclavicular Joint
				Scapular Winging
				Frozen Shoulder
					Etiopathogenesis
					Pathology
					Secondary Frozen Shoulder
					Clinical Features
						Natural History
					Diagnosis
					Investigations
					Treatment
				Disorders of the Rotator Cuff (Impingement Syndrome)
					Etiology
					Developmental Stages of Impingement Syndrome
					Treatment
				Shoulder Arthroplasty
					Indications for Shoulder Arthroplasty
					Surgical Approach
					Cemented vs. Press-Fit Humeral Components
						Need for Modularity
						Other Anatomic Variables to Consider
					Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder
						Recommendation Based on Experience
						Recommendations Based on Evidence
						Recommendations Based on Evidence
						Important Technical Issues to Consider
					Rheumatoid Arthritis
					Rotator Cuff Arthropathy
					Surgical Options
					Outcomes of Hemiarthroplasty
					Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
					Osteonecrosis of the Shoulder
					Posttraumatic Arthritis
					Complications
		References
	3: The Arm
		Arm
		Muscles of the Arm
			Anterior Compartment (Table 3.1)
			Posterior Compartment (Table 3.2)
		Arteries and Veins of the Arm
		Pathology
			Clinical Pathology
				Type I: Tendinopathy
				Types II and III: Subluxation and Dislocation (Instability)
				Types IV and V: Partial/Complete Rupture of the LHBT
				∗All Types I to VI with Figures
				Type VI: SLAP Tears
			MRI and MRA
				Treatment Strategy
				Tenotomy Versus Tenodesis: Advantages and Disadvantages (Table 3.3)
				Tenotomy vs. Tenodesis
				Conclusions
		References
	4: Clinical Examination of the Elbow (Basic and Surface Anatomy) with Special Tests
		Clinical Examination of the Elbow (Basic and Surface Anatomy) with Special Tests
		Surface Landmarks of the Elbow (Figs. 4.1 and 4.2)
		Physical Examination
			Palpation
			Special Tests
	5: The Elbow
		Floating Elbow
			Clinical Features
			Management
			Complications
		Nursemaid Elbow (in Children)
			Symptoms
			Symptoms of Nursemaid Elbow
			Treatment of Nursemaid Elbow
		Elbow Arthritis
			Blood Investigations
			Joint Aspiration
			Imaging Studies
			Medical Management of Elbow Psoriatic Arthritis
			Surgical Treatment for Elbow Psoriatic Arthritis
		Liebenberg Syndrome (Brachydactyly with Joint Dysplasia with Dysplastic Elbow Joints)
		Panner’s Disease (Osteochondrosis of the Capitellum of the Elbow)
		Synovial Chondromatosis of the Elbow
		Olecranon Impingement Syndrome
			Clinical Features
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
			Risk Factors for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
			Pathophysiology of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
			Causes of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
			Clinical Features
			Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
			Investigations
			Treatment
			Complications of Ulnar Nerve Release
			Summary
		Little League Elbow (LLE) Syndrome
			Sport-Specific Biomechanics
			Prevention of Medial Epicondylitis
			Clinical Examination
			Causes
			Investigations
			Treatment
			Other Treatments (Injection, Manipulation, etc.)
			Surgical Intervention
			Return to Play
		Olecranon Bursitis
			Etiology
			Examination
			Differential Diagnosis
			Imaging
			Treatment
		RA of the Elbow Joint
			Symptoms of RA in the Elbow
				Autoimmune (Table 5.2)
				Infectious (Table 5.3)
				Post-infectious (Table 5.4)
				Crystalline Arthropathies (Table 5.5)
			Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
			“CRP”
				Cytokine Response Protein (CRP)
					Serology
				Synovial Fluid
		References
	6: The Forearm
		Pronator Teres Syndrome
			Epidemiology
			Pathoanatomy
			Signs and Symptoms
			Signs
			Imaging
				Radiographs
			Treatment
		Congenital Radio-Ulnar Synostosis
			Classification
			Imaging Studies
			Management
		Biomechanics of the Elbow Joint
			Ligaments
			Muscles
			Long Axes of the Humerus and the Forearm
		Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
			Incidence
			Pathophysiology
			Signs and Symptoms
			Management
			Prognosis
			Prevention
			Conclusion
		Volkmann’s Ischemic Contracture
			Etiology
			Tolerance of Tissue
			Clinical Picture
			Measurement of Intracompartment Pressure
			Management/Acute Compartment Syndrome
			Established Volkmann’s ischemic Contracture Management
		References
	7: Clinical Examination of the Wrist
		Introduction
		Anatomy of the Wrist
		Clinical Examination
			Look
			Feel
			Move
			Special Tests
				Kirk Watson Test [13–15]
				Finkelstein’s Test [16–19]
				Lichtman Test [20, 21]
				Reagan’s Test [7, 22–24]
				Kleinman Shear Test [7, 23–25]
				Piano Key Sign [6, 7]
				Ulna Compression Test [7, 26]
				TFCC Stress Testing [1, 7, 11, 25–28]
				Ulnar Foveal Sign [7, 29]
				ECU Snap Test [7, 30–32]
				Pisotriquetral Grind Test [7, 33, 34]
		References
	8: Clinical Examination of the Hand and Fingers (Basic and Surface Anatomy) with Special Tests
		Introduction
		Surface Anatomy
			Palmar Surface of the Hand
			Web Spaces
			Dorsal Surface of the Hand
			Surface Landmarks
		History
			Patient Demographics
			Present Complaints
			Past Medical History
			Social History
			Other Information
		Examination of Hand
			Introduction
			Inspection
			Palpation
			Movements
			Examination of the Joints
			Examination of the Musculotendinous Units [10, 11]
				Finger Extensors and Flexors
				Wrist Flexors
				Wrist Extensors
			Examination of the Nerves [10, 11]
			Motor Testing
				Ulnar Nerve
				Median Nerve
			Sensory Testing
				Ulnar Nerve
				Median Nerve
				Radial Nerve
			Functional Tests
		References
	9: The Hand and Fingers
		Dupuytren’s Disease
		Trigger Finger
			Causes and Risk Factors
			Treatment
		Trigger Thumb in Children (Pediatric Trigger Thumb)
		The Thumb in Adults
			Osteoarthritis of Thumb (CMC J)
			Joint Arthroplasty
	10: The Thumb
		Pediatric Trigger Thumb
			Management
		Base of Thumb Fractures
			Bennett’s Fractures
				Management
			Rolando Fractures
		Collateral Ligament Injuries
			Ulna Collateral Ligament
				Management of Acute UCL Injuries
				Management of Chronic UCL Injuries
			Radial Collateral Ligament (RCL) Injuries
		First Carpometacarpal Joint Dislocations
		First Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis
		References
	11: Hand Infections
		Paronychia/Eponychia
		Felon
		Tendon Sheath Infections
		Thenar and Midpalmar Infections
		Herpetic Whitlow
		Human and Animal Bites
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
		Tuberculous Infection of Hand
	12: Hand Soft Tissue Infections
		Principles of Management
		Urgent Presentations
			Necrotizing Fasciitis
			Flexor Tenosynovitis
			Palmar Deep Space Infections/Abscess
			Septic Arthritis
			Bite Injuries
		Common Presentations
			Cellulitis
			Felon/Pulp Infections
			Paronychia
			Whitlow
		References
	13: Congenital Deformities of the Upper Limb
		Introduction
			Epidemiology
		Classification of Congenital Hand Deformity
			Failure of Formation
				Transverse Absence
					Examination
					Management
				Longitudinal Absence
					Radial Longitudinal Anomalies: Radial Hypoplasia, Aplasia
						Examination
						Associations
						Investigations
						Classification
						Management
					Ulnar Deficiency
						Examination
						Associations
						Investigations
						Classification
						Management
				Central Deficiency: Ectrodactyly (Cleft Hand)
					Examination
					Associations
					Investigations
					Classification
					Management
			Failure of Differentiation (Separation)
				Syndactyly
					Examination
					Associations
					Investigations
					Management
			Duplication
				Polydactyly
					Classification
					Management
				Ulnar Dimelia (Mirror Hand)
					Classification
					Investigations
					Management
			Overgrowth
				Macrodactyly
					Examination
					Associations
					Investigations
					Classification
					Management
			Undergrowth
				Thumb Hypoplasia
					Examination
					Associations
					Classification
					Management
				Symbrachydactyly (Fused Short Fingers)
					Examination
					Associations
					Classification
					Management
			Constriction Ring Syndrome (Amniotic Disruption Sequence or Amniotic Band Syndrome)
				Association
				Investigations
				Management
		References
Part II: The Lower Limb
	14: Clinical Examination of the Hip Joint (Basic and Surface Anatomy) with Special Tests
		Introduction
		Anatomy of the Hip
			Acetabulum
			Femur
			Hip Joint Capsule
			Ligaments
			Blood Supply
			Muscles
		Biomechanics of the Hip Joint
		History Taking and Symptoms
			Patient Reported Outcome Measures
			Hip Pain
			Stiffness
			Limp
			Deformity
			Swelling
		Examination of the Hip Joint
			Look
			Feel
			Move
			Special Tests
		Special Tests in the Paediatric Patient
			Ortolani’s Test
			Barlow’s Test
		Investigations
			Blood Tests
			Radiographs
			Ultrasound Scan (USS)
			Bone Scintigraphy
			Computed Tomography (CT)
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
			Arthrogram
		References
	15: The Hip Joint
		Paediatric Disorders of the Hip
			Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
			Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
			Legg–Calve–Perthes Disease
			Septic Arthritis
			Tuberculosis (TB)
		Adult Disorders of the Hip
			Osteoarthritis (OA)
			Osteonecrosis of the Hip
			Meralgia Paresthetica
			Trochanteric Pain Syndrome
			Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)
		Surgical Approaches to the Hip Joint
			Anterior (Smith-Petersen)
			Anterolateral (Watson-Jones)
			Lateral (Hardinge)
			Posterior (Moore, Southern)
		Total Hip Arthroplasty
			Introduction
			Preoperative Planning
			Risks and Complications of THA
			Implant Fixation
			Acetabular Component
			Femoral Component
			Bearing Surfaces
		References
	16: Clinical Examination of the Knee Joint (Basic and Surface Anatomy)
		Introduction
		References
	17: ACL Injuries of the Knee Joint
		Introduction
		Incidence
		Anatomy and Biomechanics
		Risk Factors
		Clinical Presentation
			History
			Examination
				Special Tests
			Radiological Investigations
			Natural History
			Treatment
			Rehabilitation
			Results
			Complications
			Revision ACL Surgery
			Recent Advances in ACL Reconstruction
		References
	18: Total Knee Replacement
		Introduction
		Indications of Total Knee Replacement [1, 3]
		Principles of Total Knee Replacement [3]
		Preoperative Planning-Risk Calculator
		Preoperative Planning for Total Knee Replacement
		Preoperative Planning-Special Circumstances [1–20]
		Anatomical and Mechanical Axis of Femur and Tibia
		Total Knee Replacement Prosthesis Design
		Current Evidence [2]
		Principles of Bone Cuts in Total Knee Replacement [2–24]
		Ligament Balancing in Total Knee Replacement [2–24]
		Sagittal Plane Balancing in Total Knee Replacement [3, 17–24]
		Computer Navigation Versus Conventional Total Knee Replacement
		Robotic Total Knee Replacement
		Total Knee Replacement: Complications
		Total Knee Replacement: Survival
		References
	19: Surface Arthroplasty of the Knee
		Epidemiology
		Introduction
		History
		Pathoanatomical Overview
		Arthroplasty
		Historical Milestones
			Resection Arthroplasty
			Soft Tissue Interposition Arthroplasty
		Literature Review of Past Implants
		Early Designs of Knee Resurfacing
			McKeever Device
			MacIntosh Device
			Sbarbaro Device
			Swanson Device
			UniSpacer Device
			Hinged Knee Prosthesis
		What Does Knee Resurfacing Involve?
		Who Are Ideal Candidates for Knee Resurfacing Surgery?
		Metal on Bone Quagmire?
			OrthoGlide
				Top Surface View (Fig. 19.1)
				Bottom Surface View (Fig. 19.2)
			What Is OrthoGlide Knee Resurfacing?
			Design Rationale
			Radiographic Images Post-implant Insertion (Figs. 19.5 and 19.6)
		Indications for OrthoGlide Knee Resurfacing
			Exclusion Criteria
		Flow Chart for Surgical Options for Media OA Knee (Fig. 19.7)
		Surgery
		Medial Portal Arthrotomy and Fat Pad Removal
		Anterior Meniscectomy
			Take Down Intercondylar Eminence
		Posterior Menisectomy
		Osteophyte Removal
		Posterior Cartilage Removal
		Posterior Osteophyte Removal
		Tibial Cartilage Smoothening
		Congruency Rasp Insertion
		Femoral Condyle Smoothening
		Flexion and Extension Gap Analysis
			Tibial Plateau Sizing
			Trial Device Insertion
		Tibial Spine Spacing
		Proper Sizing
			OrthoGlide Insertion Technique
			Surgical Pointers
			Post-op Management
		Post-operative Comparison with UKA/TKA
		Early Brief Experience and Results of the Author in OrthoGlide Knee Resurfacing
			Material and Methods
			Results
			Conclusion
		First OrthoGlide knee Resurfacing Hemiarthroplasty in India by Author
			Pre-operative X-ray: Medial Osteoarthritis of Knee
			Post-operative X-ray Day One: OrthoGlide Implant In Situ
			Post-operative X-ray of first OrthoGlide knee resurfacing done successfully by author in India (Figs. 19.15 and 19.16).
		Use of Robotics in Knee Resurfacing
		Newer Implants in Knee Resurfacing
		Knee Resurfacing Future Ahead
		References
	20: The Knee Joint
		Introduction
		Osseous Anatomy
		Biomechanics
			Tibiofemoral Joint
			Knee Stability
				Anterior Cruciate Ligament
				Posterior Cruciate Ligament
				Medial Collateral Ligament
				Lateral Collateral Ligament
			Patellofemoral Joint
		Osteoarthritis of the Knee
			Pathophysiology of OA
			Clinical Features and Management
		References
	21: Cartilage Injuries in the Knee
		Pathophysiology
		Symptoms
		Investigation
		Treatment
			Conservative
			Surgical Management
		Complications and Prognosis
		Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
		Presentation and Investigation
		Treatment and Prognosis
		References
	22: Meniscus Tears
		Introduction
		Structure and Function of the Knee Meniscus
		Blood Supply of the Meniscus
		Meniscal Tear Classification
		Clinical Evaluation
		Management
			Nonoperative Management
			Operative Management
				Meniscectomy
				Meniscal Repair
					Introduction
					Indications
					Techniques
						Arthroscopic-Assisted Inside-Out and Outside-In Techniques
						All-Inside Meniscal Repair
						Adjuncts to Meniscal Repair
				Meniscal Reconstruction
					Meniscal Scaffolds
					Meniscal Allografts
		References
	23: Collateral Ligament Injuries in the Knee
		The Medial Side of the Knee
			Anatomy and Biomechanics
				Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament (sMCL)
				Deep Medial Collateral Ligament (dMCL)
				The Posterior Oblique Ligament (POL)
			Injuries, Clinical Assessment, and Classification
		The Lateral Side of the Knee
			Anatomy and Biomechanics
				Superficial Layer
				Middle Layer
				Deep Layer
					The Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
					Popliteus Muscle-Tendon Complex (PMTC)
					Popliteofibular Ligament
			Injuries, Clinical Assessment, and Classification
			Surgical Management
		Conclusion
		References
	24: Lower Limb Muscle Strains
		Classification of Muscle Strains
		Sports Hernia
		Hamstring Strain
		Quadriceps Strain
		“Calf Strains”
			Gastrocnemius Strain
			Soleus Strains
			Plantaris Strain
		References
	25: The Leg
		Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia (Osteogenesis Imperfecta)
			Neurofibromatosis
				Pathology
				Histopathology
				Classification
					Anderson Classification [4]
					Crawford Classification
					Classification by Paley (Figs. 25.5 and 25.6)
				Prophylaxis
				Treatment
				Surgical Options
				Morbidity of Donor Leg
				Bone Morphogenetic Protein
		Pseudoarthrosis of the Fibula
		Osteochondritis of the Ankle
			Clinical Features
			Classification and Staging
			Diagnosis and Investigations
			Investigations
			Treatment
		Rupture of the Peroneus Tertius
		Compartment Syndrome of the Leg
			Historical Aspects
			Aetiology
			Fracture
			Treatment of Compartment Syndrome
			Tissue Survival
			Clinical Parameters
			Clinical Evaluation
			Compartment Pressure Monitoring
			Pressure Measurements
			Pressure Measurements
			Pressure Threshold Theory for Fasciotomy
			Emergency Treatment
			Removal of Circumferential Casts
			Contraindication
			Principles of Fasciotomy
		References
	26: Clinical Examination of the Foot and Ankle (Basic and Surface Anatomy) with Special Tests
		Gait
		Walking Aid
		Shoes
		Orthoses
		Inspection
		Palpation
		Range of Movement
		Vascular Examination
		Neurological Examination
		Ankle Instability
		References
	27: Modern Management of Ankle Arthritis Including Primary Ankle Replacement
		Introduction
			Etiology
		Clinical Presentation
		Classifications
			Takakura Classification [11]
			Modified Cedell Classification [13]
			Canadian Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Classification for End-Stage Ankle Arthritis [15].
		Nonsurgical Treatment
			Lifestyle Modification
			Bracing, Orthotics, and Footwear
			Injection Therapy
				Corticosteroid
				Hyaluronic Acid Injection
				Platelet-Rich Plasma
		Surgical Treatment
			Chondral Regeneration Techniques
				Fresh Osteochondral Allograft
				Microfracture
				Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
			Arthroscopic Surgery
			Osteotomy
			Distraction Arthroplasty
			Arthrodesis
			Total Ankle Arthroplasty
				History
				Indications
				Modern Implants
				Outcomes
				Complications
		References
	28: The Ankle
		Ankle Fractures
			Introduction
			Classification
			Haraguchi Classification (Posterior Malleolar Fracture)
			Eponymous Ankle Fractures
			History and Examination
			Imaging
				Ottawa Ankle Rules
				Radiographic Measurements/Findings
			Treatment
			Management by Fracture Type
				Fibula Fractures
				Medial Malleolar Fractures
				Posterior Malleolar Fixation
				Syndesmotic Stabilization
				Fracture Fixation in Diabetics
		Posterior Tibial Dysfunction and Adult-Acquired Pes Planovalgus
			Introduction
			Anatomical Considerations
				Static Stabilizers
				Dynamic Stabilizer
			History and Examination
			Imaging
				Plain WEIGHT-BEARING Radiographs of the Ankle and Foot
					Radiological Parameters
					Weight-Bearing AP Radiograph of the Foot
					Weight-Bearing Lateral Radiograph of the Foot
			Classification
			Treatment
				Nonsurgical Options
					Physiotherapy
				Surgical Options [9–12]
				Fixed Deformity
		Ankle Arthritis
			Introduction
			Etiology of Ankle Arthritis
				History and Examination
			Imaging
			Classification
			Treatment
			Ankle Fusion Versus Ankle Arthroplasty
			Secondary Causes of Ankle Arthritis
				Rheumatoid Arthritis
				Gout
		Tendonitis and Tendinopathy Around the Ankle
			Introduction
			The Achilles Tendon
			Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy
			Imaging
			Treatment
			Surgical Intervention
			Midsubstance Achilles Tendinopathy
			Imaging
			Treatment
			The Peroneal Tendons
			Presentation, History, and Examination
			Imaging
				Peroneal Tendon Instability: Subluxation/Dislocation
			Treatment
				Peroneal Tendon Tears
			Treatment
				Nonoperative Treatment [27, 28]
				Surgical Treatment Options [27, 28]
				Peroneal Tendonitis/Tendinopathy [27, 28]
					Nonoperative Treatment
					Surgical Treatment
				Painful Os Peroneum Syndrome
		Painful Conditions Around the Ankle
			Ankle Instability/The Low Ankle Sprain
			Anatomy
			Classification (Fig. 28.1)
			Imaging
			Treatment
				Nonsurgical [30–33]
				Surgical Treatment [30–33]
			Osteochondral Lesions (OCL) of the Talus
			Pathophysiology
				Idiopathic
				History and Examination
			Imaging
				Weight-Bearing Ankle Radiographs—AP/Lateral/Mortise
			Classification
				Ferkel and Sgaglione CT Staging System
				Hepple MRI Staging System
			Management
				Nonoperative [34–37]
				Surgical
				Cartilage Repair
				Retrograde Drilling
				Cartilage Regeneration
				Cartilage Replacement
		References
	29: Ankle Sprains
		Definition
		Osseo-Ligamentous Anatomy of the Ankle
		Epidemiology
		Classification
		Clinical Presentation
		Imaging
		Management of Ankle Sprains
			Low Ankle Sprains
				Conservative Management
			High Ankle Sprains
				Technique
		References
	30: The Foot and Great Toe
		Hallux Valgus
			Introduction
			Etiology
			Pathomechanics
			Clinical Features
			Components of a Hallux Valgus Deformity (Fig. 30.2)
			Imaging
			Management
				Conservative Management
				Operative Management
					Simple Bunionectomy
					Modified McBride Bunionectomy
					Distal Metatarsal Chevron Osteotomy
					Scarf Osteotomy
					Akin’s Osteotomy
					First Tarsometatarsal Joint Arthrodesis
					First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis
					Minimally Invasive Surgery for Hallux Valgus
		Hallux Rigidus
			Introduction
			Etiopathology
			Clinical Presentation
			Management
				Investigations
			Conservative Management
			Operative Management
				Cheilectomy
				Osteotomies
					Proximal Phalangeal Osteotomy
					Metatarsal Osteotomy
				Arthroplasty
					Keller Resection Arthroplasty
					Interpositional Arthroplasty
					Total Prosthetic Replacement Arthroplasty
				Arthrodesis
		Metatarsalgia
			Introduction
			Biomechanics
			Primary Metatarsalgia
			Secondary Metatarsalgia
			Iatrogenic Metatarsalgia
		Morton’s Neuroma
			Introduction
			Patho Anatomy
			Etiology
			Clinical Features
			On Examination
			Investigations
			Treatment
		March Fracture
			Introduction
			Incidence
			Risk Factors
			Pathology
			Clinical Presentation
			Investigations
			Treatment
			Surgical Management
		Freiberg Infraction
			Introduction
			Etiopathogenesis
			Clinical Features
			Radiology
			Management
				Conservative Treatment
				Surgical Management
		Sesamoids of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint
			Introduction
			Pathologies Associated with Sesamoids
				Absence of the Sesamoids
				Bursitis
				Bipartite Sesamoids
			Fracture of the Sesamoids
				Sesamoid Dislocation
			Patho Anatomy
			Treatment
		Hammertoe
			Introduction
			Incidence
			Predisposing Factors
			Clinical Features
			Radiology
			Management
		Ingrown Toenail
			Introduction
			Classification
			Management
		References
Part III: Additional Chapters
	31: Advances in Navigation and Robot-Assisted Surgery
		Introduction
		Classification of Navigation Systems
		Composition of a Navigation System
			Computer System
			Tracking System
			Markers
			Referencing
		Types of Referencing in Computer Navigation
		Robot-Assisted Surgery
		Robot-Assisted Hip Surgery
		Operative Steps
		Outcomes in Navigated Hip Surgery
			Computer-Assisted Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA)
			Robot-Assisted Hip Surgery
		Advances in Navigated Knee Surgery
			Accelerometer-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
			Computer-Assisted TKA
			Robot-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty
			Robot-Assisted Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA)
			Navigation and Osteotomies
			Navigation and Shoulder Arthroplasty
			Navigation and Fracture Fixation
		Other Uses
		Conclusion and Future
		References
	32: Stem Cell Therapy in Orthopedics
		Introduction
		Stem Cells
		Stem Cells Used in Orthopedics
			Properties of MSCs
			BM-MSC
			ADSC
			SSC
			Autologous Versus Allogeneic
			Single-Sitting Versus Laboratory-Based Treatments
		Mechanism of Action of Stem Cells
		MSC Treatments in Orthopedic Practice
			Bone
			Cartilage
				Osteochondral Defects
				Arthritis
			Tendon
		Regulatory Issues
		Future Developments
		Conclusions
		References
	33: Shock Wave Therapy in Orthopedics
		History
		Physics of Shockwaves
		Mechanism of Action
			Shockwave Treatment for Tendinopathy
			Shockwave Treatment for Bone Healing
		Clinical Indications
		Shoulder Tendinopathies
			Calcifying Tendinopathy of the Shoulder (CTS)
			Noncalcifying Tendinopathy of the Shoulder
		Lateral Epicondylopathy of the Elbow (Tennis Elbow)
		Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome
		Patellar Tendinopathy (Jumper’s Knee)
		Achilles Tendinopathy
		Plantar Fasciitis
		Delayed Bone Healing and Nonunion
		Stress Fractures
		Avascular Bone Necrosis
		Osteochondritis Dissecans
		Skin Ulcers
		Tendinopathies
		Bone Pathologies
		Muscle Pathologies
		Skin Pathologies
		Musculoskeletal Pathologies
		Neurological Pathologies
		Complications
		Conclusions
		References
	34: Basic Imaging in Orthopedics
		Introduction
		Radiation Types and Radiation Safety
		Choosing the Appropriate Imaging Modality
		Imaging Modalities
			Radiography
				Physics
				Radiographic Views
				Indications
				Limitations
				Fluoroscopy
				Arthrography/Myelography
			Computed Tomography (CT)
				Physics
				Indications
				Contrast-Enhanced CT
				Limitations
			Applications
				CT-Guided Intervention
				CT Arthrography
			Ultrasound (US)
				Physics
				US Transducers
				Indications
				Limitations
			Applications
				Doppler Imaging
				US-Guided Intervention
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
				Physics
				Indications
				Contrast-Enhanced MRI
				Limitations
			Applications
				MR Arthrography
				Whole-Body MRI (WB-MRI)
			Nuclear Medicine
				Physics
				Indications
				Limitations
			Applications
				Bone Scintigraphy
				White Blood Cell (WBC) Scan
				SPECT-CT
				PET-CT
				PET-MR
		References
	35: Advanced Imaging in Orthopedics
		Ultrasound Advanced Imaging
		Sonoelastography
		Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
		Fusion Imaging
		CT Advanced Imaging
		Weight-Bearing and Cone Beam CT Imaging
		Dual-Energy CT (DECT)
		MRI Advanced Imaging
		High-Field-Strength MRI
		Closed, Open, Upright, and Extremity MRI Scanners
		Dynamic MRI
		Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
		Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI)
		MR Spectroscopy (MRS)
		MR Elastography (MRE)
		MR Neurography (MRN)
		Dynamic Perfusion Imaging (DPI)
		Nuclear Medicine (NM) Advanced Imaging
		Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography CT (SPECT-CT)
		PET-CT
		PET-MRI
		Conclusion
		References
	36: Musculoskeletal Overuse Injuries of Lower Limb in Military
		Introduction
		Lower Limb Tendinopathy
			Achilles Tendinopathy
				Imaging
				Ultrasound
				MR Imaging
			Patellar Tendinopathy
				Imaging
				Ultrasound
				MR Imaging
				Elastography
		Tendon Intervention
		Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
			Signs and Symptoms
			Management
			Imaging
		Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)
			Signs and Symptoms
			Management
			Imaging
		Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
			Signs and Symptoms
			Imaging
			Management
		Superficial Peroneal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome
			Signs and Symptoms
			Management
			Imaging
		Conclusion
		References
	37: Lisfranc Injuries
		Introduction
		Anatomy of the Ligament
		Mechanisms of Injury
		History and Examination Findings
		Radiology
		Management
		Postoperative
		Outcomes of Lisfranc Injuries
		References
	38: Pediatric Knee Injuries
		Introduction
		Physeal Fractures Around the Knee
			Distal Femoral Fractures
			Proximal Tibial Fractures
		Tibial Spine Fractures
		Patella Sleeve Fractures
		Metaphyseal Fractures
		Tibial Tubercle Fractures
		Bipartite Patella
		Stress Fracture of the Patella
		Conclusion
		References
	39: The Foot
		Brief Discussion on Arches of the Foot
		Biomechanics and Movements of the Foot
		Flatfoot
			Congenital Vertical Talus
			Calcaneovalgus
			Flexible Pes Planus
		Posterior Tibialis Tendon Insufficiency
		Peroneal Flatfoot/Tarsal Coalition
		Miscellaneous Causes for Heel Pain
		Plantar Fasciitis
			Management
		Calcaneal Stress Fracture
		Subtalar Arthritis
		Sever’s Disease
			Bursae Around the Heel
			Tendo Achilles Pathology
		Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy
		Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy
		Calcaneal Spurs
			Pes Cavus
			Biomechanics
			Location of the Deformity
			Etiological Classification of Pes Cavus
			Patterns of Pes Cavus
				Development of the Deformity in Neuromuscular Cavus
				Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Clinical Examination
			Imaging Studies
				Management
				Nonoperative Management
				Operative Management
				Soft-Tissue Procedures
		Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) (Clubfoot)
			Etiology
			Pathologic Anatomy
				Clinically
			Management
			Percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy (PAT)
			Common Errors (Red Flags) in Manipulation Techniques Leading to Complex Deformities
			Refractory or Resistant Clubfeet
			Relapse
		Painful Conditions of the Ankle
			Sprains of Ankle Joint
				High Ankle Sprain (Syndesmotic Injury)
				Grades of Sprain
			Traumatic Arthritis of the Ankle (Anterior Impingement, Footballer’s Ankle)
		Rupture of Tendo Achilles
			Introduction
			Causes
			Symptoms
				Diagnosis
			Surgical Treatment
				Outcome
		Fusion of the Ankle Joint
			Indications
			Surgical Techniques
				Open Techniques
				Complications
		Peroneal Tenosynovitis
			Treatment
		Dislocation of Peroneal Tendons
			Traumatic Subluxation
		Rupture of Plantaris Tendon
			Diagnosis
		Peroneal Palsy Due to Hematoma
		Foot Drop in Leprosy
		Conclusion
		References