Organic Waste to Biohydrogen

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Biohydrogen from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste
	1 Introduction
	2 Potential of OFMSW for Biohydrogen Production
	3 Microbial Communities in Dark Fermentation from OFMSW
	4 Selection of OFMSW in Recycling Facilities for H2 Production
	5 Effect of Specific Slowly or Nonfermentable Matter
	6 Inhibition of H2 Production from OFMSW
	7 Effect of Trace Elements (TE) on Biohydrogen Production
	8 Impact of Metallic Nanoparticles on Biohydrogen Production
	References
Biohydrogen from Food Waste
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogen-Producing Microorganisms in Dark Fermentation of Food Waste
	3 Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Hydrogen Production from Food Waste
	4 Strategies for Improving H2 Production
	5 Codigestion/Cofermentation
	6 Bioaugmentation Strategies for Enhancing Hydrogen in Dark Fermentation
	7 Control Strategies to Improve H2 Production
	8 Conclusion
	References
Biohydrogen from Fruit and Vegetable Industry Wastes
	1 Introduction
	2 Renewable Energy Sources
	3 Biohydrogen as a Source of Clean Fuel
	4 Sources of Biohydrogen
	5 Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as a Source of Biohydrogen
		5.1 Volume of Waste Generated
		5.2 Where and How Is the Waste Generated
		5.3 Disposal of Fruit-Vegetable Waste
	6 Type of Wastes Suitable for Biohydrogen Production
		6.1 Characteristics and Properties
	7 Methods for Production of Biohydrogen
		7.1 Direct Biophotolysis
		7.2 Indirect Biophotolysis
		7.3 Photo-Fermentation
		7.4 Two-Stage Process
		7.5 Microbial Electrolysis Cells
		7.6 Self-Fermentation
		7.7 Dark Fermentation
			Advantages of Dark Fermentation
	8 Production of Biohydrogen from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes
		8.1 Pretreatment of the Substrate
			Physical Pretreatment
			Chemical Pretreatment
			Physicochemical Pretreatment
			Enzymatic Pretreatment
		8.2 Co-digestion of Substrate
		8.3 Mixed Microbial Inoculum
		8.4 Two-Phase Digestion
		8.5 Type of Bioreactors
	9 Factors Affecting Biohydrogen Production from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes
		9.1 Composition of Substrate
		9.2 Temperature
		9.3 pH of the System
		9.4 Feed-to-Inoculum (F/I) Ratio
		9.5 Nutrient Concentration
			Carbon-to-Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio
			Phosphate Concentration
			Concentration of Metal Ions
		9.6 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
		9.7 Partial Pressure of Hydrogen (Hpp)
		9.8 Pretreatment of Substrate
		9.9 Pretreatment of Inoculum
		9.10 Acidogenic Pathway
		9.11 Reducing Sugar Composition
		9.12 Addition of Inoculum and Removal of Bioproduct
		9.13 Inhibitory Compounds
		9.14 Co-digestion
		9.15 Particle Size
		9.16 Total Suspended Solid Content
	10 Advantages of Biohydrogen Produced from Fruit and Vegetable Industry Wastes
	11 Conclusions
	References
Biohydrogen from Distillery Wastewater: Opportunities and Feasibility
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Distillery Industry and Wastewater Treatment
		1.2 Energy Recovery from Distillery Wastewater
	2 Biohydrogen Production from Distillery Wastewater
		2.1 Biohydrogen Production Pathways: Light and Dark Fermentation
			Photo-Fermentation Pathway
			Dark Fermentation Pathway
		2.2 Dark Fermentation Technology
		2.3 Role of Operational Parameters in Enhanced Biohydrogen Production
			pH
			Temperature
			Amount of Substrate and Nutrients
			Configuration of Reactors and Influence of Organic Loading Rate and Retention Time
		2.4 Pre-treatment of Inoculum
			Physical Pre-treatment
			Chemical Pre-treatment
		2.5 Cell Immobilization
	3 Upscaling the Process of Hydrogen Production During Treatment of Distillery Wastewater
		3.1 Challenges and Opportunities
		3.2 Economic Feasibility
	4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Biohydrogen from Pentose-Rich Lignocellulosic Biomass Hydrolysate
	1 Introduction
	2 Composition and Recalcitrance of Lignocellulosic Biomass
	3 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass and Composition of Hemicellulose Hydrolysate
	4 Biohydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation of Hexose and Pentose Sugars
	5 Biohydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation of the Hemicellulose Fraction of the Hydrothermally Pretreated Sugarcane Straw (...
		5.1 Pretreatment of Sugarcane Straw and Characterization of the Hemicellulose Fraction
		5.2 Biohydrogen Production with Xylose and C5 Fraction as Raw Material
		5.3 Composition and Diversity of the Microbial Communities
	References
Biohydrogen Production Using Cheese Industry Waste: Current Trends and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Cheese Industry Waste
	3 Biohydrogen Production from Cheese Industry Waste
	4 Methods of Biohydrogen Production Using Cheese Whey
		4.1 Dark Fermentation
		4.2 Photo-Fermentation
		4.3 Sequential DF and PF Strategy
	5 Factors Affecting Biohydrogen Production
		5.1 Inoculum Pretreatment
		5.2 Effect of pH
		5.3 Feeding Modes and Bioreactor Configuration
	6 Economy of Biohydrogen
	7 Challenges in Biohydrogen Production Using Cheese Industry Waste
	8 Conclusion
	References
Methods of Biological Hydrogen Production from Industrial Waste
	1 Introduction
	2 Industrial Waste Materials for Hydrogen Gas Synthesis
		2.1 Agricultural and Food Industry Residues Comprising Starch and Cellulose
		2.2 Carbohydrate-Enriched Industrial Effluents
		2.3 Wastewater Treatment Plant Sewage Sludge
	3 Hydrogen Gas Production Techniques
		3.1 Manufacture of Hydrogen Gas by Chemical Procedures
			Natural Gas Reforming with Steam
			Partial Oxidation Techniques
			Coal Gasification
			Electrolysis of Water
	4 Biological Techniques for the Synthesis of Hydrogen Gas
		4.1 Photobiological Methods
			Direct Biophotolysis
			Indirect Biophotolysis
		4.2 Fermentative Methods
			Photofermentation
			Dark Fermentation
		4.3 Integration of Photo- and Dark Fermentation Processes
		4.4 Biocatalyzed Electrolysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Innovative Technologies for Biohydrogen Production at Industrial Level
	1 Introduction
	2 Feedstocks Suitable for Biohydrogen Production
	3 Main Methods of Biohydrogen Production
		3.1 Dark Fermentation
		3.2 Photofermentation
		3.3 Biophotolysis
		3.4 Biomass Gasification
		3.5 Biomass Pyrolysis
	4 Combine Production of Biohydrogen and Biomethane
	5 Assessing the Sustainability of Biohydrogen
		5.1 Economic Feasibility of Biohydrogen
		5.2 Social Analysis of Biohydrogen
		5.3 Environmental Safety Through Biohydrogen
	6 Research Trends in Biohydrogen Production
	7 Conclusion
	References
Thermochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biohydrogen Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Potential
	3 Gasification
	4 Catalytic Biomass Gasification
	5 Future Perspectives
	6 Conclusion
	References
Nanotechnological Approaches in Biohydrogen Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Chemical Methods for Hydrogen Production
		2.1 Steam Reforming
		2.2 Partial Oxidation
		2.3 Water-Gas Shift, Preferential Oxidation, and Methanation
		2.4 Autothermal Reforming
		2.5 Desulfurization
	3 Hydrogen Production from Renewable Resources
		3.1 Biomass Gasification
		3.2 Pyrolysis and Copyrolysis
		3.3 Aqueous Phase Reform
		3.4 Electrolysis
		3.5 Photoelectrolysis
		3.6 Thermochemical Water Partition
	4 Renewable Energy Source
	5 Use of Biophotolysis for Hydrogen Production
	6 Nanotechnological Applications in Hydrogen Production
		6.1 The Use of Nanoparticles in Biohydrogen Production
			Copper, Silver, Gold, and Palladium NPs
			NiO NPs
		6.2 The Effect of Nanoparticles on the Dark Fermentation Process
			FeO NPs
			TiO2 NPs
			Silver NPs
			Palladium NPs
			Copper NPs
			Gold NPs
			Silica NPs
		6.3 Role of NPs in Biohydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation
	7 Conclusion
	References
Microalgal Biomass as a Promising Feedstock for the Production of Biohydrogen: A Comprehensive Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Metabolic Pathways of Hydrogen Production
		2.1 Biophotolysis
			Direct Biophotolysis
			Indirect Biophotolysis
		2.2 Photofermentation
		2.3 Dark Fermentation
	3 Microalgae as a Potential Hydrogen-Generating Source
	4 Microalgal Metabolism Enzymes that Synthesize Hydrogen
		4.1 Hydrogenase
		4.2 Nitrogenase
	5 Recovery of Microalgal Biomass Through Different Techniques
		5.1 Flocculation
		5.2 Gravity Sedimentation
		5.3 Magnetic Separation
		5.4 Filtration
	6 Factors Affecting Hydrogen Production
		6.1 Concentration of Substrate
		6.2 Hydrogen Partial Pressure
		6.3 Pre-treatment of a Substrate to Enhance H2 Yield
	7 Advantages
	8 Disadvantages
	9 Conclusion
	References
Biohydrogen: Future Energy Source for the Society
	1 Introduction
	2 Trends in Biohydrogen Production
	3 Trends in Biohydrogen Storage and Distribution
	4 Potential Uses for Biohydrogen
	5 Policies Related to Hydrogen: The Case of the EU
	6 Biohydrogen Perspectives
	7 Conclusion
	References