Organic nanostructures for next generation devices

Organic Nanostructures for Next Generation Devices......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 13
List of Acronyms and Symbols......Page 16
1.1 General......Page 19
1.2 Nucleation Process and Growth Modes......Page 20
1.3 The Surface Science Approach......Page 23
1.3.1 In Situ UHV MBE......Page 24
1.3.2 Valence Band Photoemission (ARUPS)......Page 25
1.3.3 Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (NEXAFS)......Page 28
1.3.4 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy......Page 30
1.4 Crystallographic Characterisation......Page 31
1.5 Fundamentals of Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 32
References......Page 34
2.1 Dark Field and Fluorescence Microscopy......Page 36
2.2 Two-Photon Microscopy......Page 37
2.3 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy......Page 39
2.4 Two-Photon Near-Field Microscopy......Page 40
References......Page 43
3.1 Introduction......Page 44
3.2 Adsorbates......Page 45
3.3 Silicate Substrates......Page 47
3.4.1 Para-Hexaphenylene......Page 49
3.4.2 Steps and Defects......Page 56
3.4.3 Kinetics......Page 58
3.4.4 Growth Model......Page 64
3.5 Thiophenes on Muscovite......Page 66
3.6 Microrings......Page 69
3.7 Au–Mica Heterostructures......Page 71
3.8 Conclusions......Page 73
Acknowledgments......Page 74
References......Page 75
4.1 Introduction......Page 79
4.2 Design......Page 80
4.3 Synthesis of Oligomers......Page 82
4.4 Vapour Deposition Studies......Page 84
4.5 Nanoaggregates from Symmetrically Functionalised Oligomers......Page 85
4.6 Nanoaggregates from Non-Symmetrically Functionalised Oligomers......Page 90
4.7 Non-Linear Optical Properties......Page 92
4.8 Quantum Chemical Calculations and Optical Properties......Page 94
4.9 Conclusion......Page 95
References......Page 96
5.1 Introduction: Why Highly Ordered Organic Thin Films?......Page 101
5.2.1 Hot-Wall Epitaxy......Page 102
5.2.2 Source Materials and Substrates......Page 105
5.2.3 Characterization Methods......Page 106
5.3.1 C60 Films on Mica Substrates......Page 107
5.3.2 Doping of C60 with Ba......Page 110
5.4 Highly Ordered Films of Para-Sexiphenyl......Page 112
5.4.1 Needles and Islands of p-6P on KCl Substrates......Page 114
5.4.2 Islands and Nanofibers of p-6P on Mica Substrates......Page 118
5.5 Conclusion......Page 126
Acknowledgments......Page 127
References......Page 128
6. Crystallography of Ultrathin Organic Films and Nanoaggregates......Page 130
6.1 Overview......Page 131
6.2 Crystal Structure of Rodlike Conjugated Molecules......Page 133
6.2.2 Oligophenylenes......Page 135
6.2.3 Oligothiophenes......Page 136
6.3.1 Fundamentals......Page 137
6.3.2 Specular Scans......Page 138
6.3.3 Rocking Curves......Page 139
6.3.4 Pole Figure Technique......Page 141
6.3.5 Surface Diffraction......Page 142
6.3.6 Line Profile Analysis......Page 143
6.3.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 145
6.4 Crystallographic Order within Nanoaggregates......Page 148
6.4.1 Out-of-Plane Order......Page 149
Grammar of Epitaxy......Page 151
Organic Epitaxy of Sexiphenyl on TiO2(110)......Page 153
6.4.3 Relation Between Crystal Structure and Film Morphology......Page 156
6.4.4 Crystallite Size......Page 159
Terraced Islands......Page 160
Needle Like Growth......Page 161
Line Profile Analysis......Page 162
6.4.5 Polymorphism......Page 163
6.5 Early Stage Growth......Page 164
6.6 Conclusion......Page 169
References......Page 170
7.1 Introduction......Page 176
7.2 Organic Films on Inorganic Substrates......Page 177
7.2.1 The Substrate as a Template......Page 178
7.2.2 Structure and Morphology Determinants: Sticking vs. Diffusion Anisotropy......Page 182
7.2.3 The Electronic Structure......Page 189
7.2.4 The Electronic Band Alignment on Nanostructured Interfaces......Page 193
7.3 Organic–Organic Heteroepitaxy......Page 196
7.3.1 Growth on Closed –CH-terminated Organic Surfaces......Page 197
7.3.2 Growth on Open π-terminated Organic Surfaces......Page 198
References......Page 202
8.1 Introduction......Page 205
8.2 Experimental......Page 207
8.4 Molecular Orientation and Conformation within Ultrathin P4P Films Grown on Gold Substrates: Studies using Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 208
8.4.1 Ultrathin Layer Containing only the α-Species......Page 209
8.4.3 Multilayers......Page 212
8.5 The Orientation of Organic Oligophenylene“Needles” on Gold Substrates......Page 213
8.6 Manipulation of Organic Needles Using an STM Operated under SEM Control......Page 216
8.6.1 STM Studies of P4P Needles......Page 217
8.6.2 Manipulation of STM Needles......Page 221
8.6.3 STM Investigations of the Former Contact Area......Page 224
References......Page 225
9.1.1 Static Response......Page 227
9.1.2 Dynamic Response......Page 228
Time-Resolved Spectra......Page 232
9.2 Guiding of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 233
9.3 Spatial Distribution of Molecular Emitters......Page 236
9.4.1 Single Photon Tunneling Microscopy......Page 239
9.4.2 Two-photon Near Field Microscopy......Page 242
9.5 Conclusions......Page 244
References......Page 245
10.1 Introduction......Page 247
10.2 Overview on Random Lasing......Page 248
10.3 Experimental Techniques......Page 249
10.4 Random Lasing and Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Close-Packed Organic Nanofibers......Page 250
10.5.1 Coherent Random Lasing in Single Nanofibers......Page 255
10.5.2 Optical Amplification in Single Nanofibers......Page 260
10.6 Potential Applications of Self-assembled Organic Nanofibers......Page 263
10.7 Summary and Conclusions......Page 265
References......Page 266
11.1 Introduction......Page 269
11.2.1 Organic Materials and Growth Techniques......Page 271
11.2.2 OFET: Device Fabrication......Page 272
11.2.3 Electrical Characterization Using an OFET (Operating Principle)......Page 273
11.2.5 Optical and Structural Characterization of Organic Thin Films and Devices......Page 276
11.3.1 Anisotropic Epitaxial Growth of p-6P on Mica(001)......Page 277
11.3.2 Anisotropic Epitaxial Growth of p-6P on KCl(001)......Page 283
11.3.3 Anisotropic Epitaxial Growth of p-6P and p-4Pon TiO2 and Metal Surfaces......Page 288
11.4 Luminescent and Lasing Propertiesof Anisotropic Organic Thin Films......Page 291
11.5.1 OFETs Based on C60 Thin Films Grown by HWE......Page 294
11.5.2 Anisotropic Current–Voltage Characteristics of p-6P Chains on Mica......Page 298
Acknowledgments......Page 301
References......Page 302
12.1 Introduction......Page 307
12.2.1 Preparation and Optical Detection......Page 309
12.2.2 Nanofiber Tomography and Angular Light Emission......Page 310
12.3.1 Charge Injection and Transport......Page 315
12.3.2 Experiments on Single-Nanofiber Devices......Page 317
12.4 Nanofiber Mechanics......Page 321
Rupture Properties......Page 322
Elastic Properties......Page 323
Sliding Properties......Page 324
Assembly of Complex Structures......Page 325
12.4.2 3-D Manipulation......Page 326
12.5 Conclusions......Page 328
References......Page 329
13.1 Introduction......Page 331
13.2.1 Parameters Related to the Embedding of Organic Nanofibers: Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Expansion......Page 333
13.2.2 Evaporation of Silicon Oxide......Page 335
13.2.4 Microscopical Analysis of Nanofibers on Mica, Covered by SiOx......Page 336
13.3.1 Motivation for Encapsulation of Nanofibers in Polymers......Page 344
13.3.2 Essential and Desirable Polymer Properties,Preparation Strategies......Page 346
13.4 Cutting of Nanofibers......Page 348
Acknowledgment......Page 351
References......Page 352
Index......Page 353