Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Toward Smart Lighting and Displays Technologies: Material Design Strategies, Challenges and Future Perspectives

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Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Toward Smart Lighting and Displays Technologies: Material Design Strategies, Challenges and Future Perspectives
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Contents
Foreword
Preface
About the Editors
Acknowledgments
Contributors
1. Nanolithographic Techniques for OLEDs
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Microcontact Printing
		1.2.1 Background
		1.2.2 General Procedure
		1.2.3 Recent Applications
	1.3 Nano-Imprint Lithography
		1.3.1 Background
		1.3.2 General Procedures
		1.3.3 Recent Applications
	1.4 Capillary Force Lithography
		1.4.1 Background
		1.4.2 General Procedure
		1.4.3 Recent Applications
	1.5 Beam Pen Lithography
		1.5.1 Background
		1.5.2 General Procedure
		1.5.3 Recent Applications
	1.6 Dip-Pen Nanolithography
		1.6.1 Background
		1.6.2 General Procedure
		1.6.3 Recent Applications
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2. Printing Technology for Fabrication of Advanced OLEDs Materials
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Fundamental Structure of OLEDs
		2.2.1 OLEDs Materials
	2.3 OLEDs Fabrication Technology
		2.3.1 Process of Fabrication
	2.4. Printing Techniques for OLEDs Fabrication
		2.4.1 Vacuum Evaporation Process
		2.4.2 Screen Printing
		2.4.3 Inkjet Printing
		2.4.4 Spin Coating
		2.4.5 Gravure Printing
		2.4.6 Aerosol Jet Printing
		2.4.7 In-Line Fabrication
	2.5 Comparison of Various Printing Techniques
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3. Design of Hybrid Perovskites for OLEDs
	3.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
	3.2 Classification of Perovskites
		3.2.1 Three-Dimensional Perovskites
		3.2.2 Lower-Dimensional Perovskite
		3.2.3 Exotic Framework
	3.3 Effect of Variety of Substituent
		3.3.1 Effect of Organic Molecules on Hybrid Perovskites
		3.3.2 Effect of Intercalation in Pervoskite
	3.4 Device Application of Perovskite as LEDs
	3.5 Device Pattern of Pervoskite as LED
	3.6 Hybrid Perovskite Nanocrystal or Quantum Dots
	3.7 Perovskite Quantum Wells and Device Applications
	3.8 Perovskite Bulk
	3.9 Conclusion and Future of Hybrid Perovskite
	References
4. Stretchable and Flexible Materials for OLEDs
	4.1 Introduction: Background of OLEDs
	4.2 Stretchable and Flexible Materials in OLEDs
	4.3 Conclusion
	References
5. Metal–Dielectric Composites for OLEDs Applications
	5.1 Introduction: Background and Current Scenario
	5.2 Device Architecture and Configuration
	5.3 Some Examples of Metal-Dielectric Electrode Systems for OLEDs
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6. Organic Small Molecule Materials and Display Technologies for OLEDs
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Construction and Device Structures
		6.2.1 Substrate
		6.2.2 Electrodes
		6.2.3 Organic Layers
	6.3 Working Principle of OLEDs
	6.4 HOMO/LUMO-Based Light Emitting Mechanism
	6.5 Materials Used in OLEDs
		6.5.1 Hole Transport Materials
		6.5.2 Electron Transport Materials
		6.5.3 Polymer-Based Materials
		6.5.4 Small-Molecule-Based Materials
	6.6 Methods for Synthesis of Materials Used in OLEDs
		6.6.1 Solution Casting Method
		6.6.2 Spin Coating Method
		6.6.3 Free Radical Polymerization
		6.6.4 Inkjet Printing Process
	6.7 Applications of OLEDs
		6.7.1 OLEDs in Display Technology
		6.7.2 Smart Lighting
	6.8 Challenges
	6.9 Future Scope
	References
7. A New Generation of Organic Materials: Photophysical Approach and OLEDs Applications
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Photophysical Mechanism and Design Strategy
		7.2.1 Singlet Emission
		7.2.2 Predictable Fluorescence
		7.2.3 Triplet–Triplet Annihilation
		7.2.4 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
		7.2.5 Phosphorescent Emitters
	7.3 Device Strategy and Organic Materials
		7.3.1 Organic Light Emitting Diodes
		7.3.2 Drive Voltage
		7.3.3 Efficiency
		7.3.4 Lifetime
		7.3.5 Color
		7.3.6 OLEDs-Based Organic Materials
	7.4 Applications
	7.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
8. Mixed Valence π-Conjugated Coordination Polymers for OLEDs
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Sources of Light
	8.3 History of LEDs and OLEDs
	8.4 Structure and Working of OLEDs
	8.5 Types of OLEDs
	8.6 OLED Generations
		8.6.1 First Generation
		8.6.2 Second Generation
		8.6.3 Third Generation
	8.7 Role of Metals in OLEDs
	8.8 Basis of Approach to Achieve Mixed Metal Complexes
		8.8.1 Mixed Valence Metal Oxides
		8.8.2 Factors Controlling the Interaction between Two Metal Ions (Resonance between Two Structures X and Y) in Mixed Valence Systems
		8.8.3 Creutz-Taube Ion: Mixed Valence Coordination
 Complex
	8.9 Mixed-Metal Complexes
		8.9.1 Types of Coordination Polymers
		8.9.2 Applications of Mixed Metal Complexes
	8.10 Criteria for a Good Conducting Molecule
		8.10.1 Design of a New Molecular Conductor
		8.10.2 Significance of p–Conjugated Ligands and Their Mixed Metal Complexes/Coordination Polymers
	8.11 Future Perspective of OLED Devices
	References
9. Synthesis of Electroluminescent Polymer for OLEDs
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
		9.2.1 Advancement of OLEDs
		9.2.2 Working Principle of OLEDs
	9.3 Synthesis of Electroluminescent Polymers
		9.3.1 Polyarylenes
		9.3.2 Poly(aryleneethynylene)s
		9.3.3 Poly(arylenevinylene)s
		9.3.4 Conjugated Copolymers
		9.3.5 Coordination Polymers
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
10. Improvement in the Efficiency of Organic Semiconductors via Molecular Doping for OLEDs Applications
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 OLEDs and Their Functional Components
	10.3 Electroluminescence Mechanism and Function of OLEDs
	10.4 Organic Semiconductor as a Light Emitter Medium
	10.5 Role of Chromophores, Conjugation and Charge Trap in Organic Semiconductors
	10.6 Molecular Doping
		10.6.1 Molecular Dopants and Relevant Doping Strategies
		10.6.2 Role of Interfacial Doping
		10.6.3 Influence of Conducting Polymer-Doped Organic Semiconductors
		10.6.4 Impact of Composite Doped Metal Oxide and Organic Metal Complex on Organic Semiconductors
		10.6.5 Integration of High Charge Density and Luminescence in Organic Semiconductors
		10.6.6 Charge Generation Efficiency of p/n-Dopants in Organic Semiconductors
	10.7 Role of Bipolar/Bifunctional Organic Emitters
		10.7.1 Charge Transfer in p- and n-Type Doped Organic Semiconductors
	10.8 Structural and Functional Stabilization Efficiency in Organic Semiconductors via Molecular Engineering
		10.8.1 Improvement of Injection Properties of Doped Hole/Electron Transport Materials
	10.9 Conclusion
	References
11. Recent Development of Blue Fluorescent Organic Materials for OLEDs
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 History
	11.3 Working Principle
	11.4 Development of Blue Fluorescent Organic Materials for OLEDs
		11.4.1 Triplet-Triplet Fusion
		11.4.2 Molecular Orientation
	11.5 Recent Development of Blue Fluorescent Organic Materials for OLEDs
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12. Fundamental Perspective of Phosphorescent Organic Materials for OLEDs
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Electron-Hole Recombination Phenomenon and Spin-Related Statistics in OLEDs
	12.3 Principles of Electrophosphorescence in Multilayer Devices
	12.4 General Scheme of Multilayer OLED
	12.5 Properties to Select a Suitable Host Material for Phosphorescent OLEDs
	12.6 Transport Materials for Phosphorescent OLEDs
		12.6.1 Hole Transport Materials
		12.6.2 Electron Transport Materials
	12.7 Host Material for Phosphorescent OLEDs
		12.7.1 Hole-Transport-Type Host Materials
		12.7.2 Electron-Transport-Type Host Materials
		12.7.3 Bipolar Transport Host Materials
	12.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Index