Order from Force: A Natural History of the Vacuum

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	Preface
	Author biography
		Jeffrey H Williams
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	Chapter 1 Science, science fiction and science fantasy
		1.1 Setting the scene
		1.2 How should we look at nature? Asking the right question
		1.3 The innocence of youth
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	Chapter 2 Complexity
		Further reading
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	Chapter 3 Materialism: what is there between atoms and molecules?
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Solid objects are mostly empty space
		3.3 The scale of nothing: what and where is the hard-stuff?
		Further reading
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	Chapter 4 What exactly is the vacuum? The static or classical interpretation
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Action at a distance
		4.3 Defining nothing
		4.4 The vacuum: the ancient world
		4.5 Some ancient physics with a modern twist: Archimedes’ principle
		4.6 The vacuum: the early modern world
		Further reading
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	Chapter 5 Some basics
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The currency and language of science
		5.3 Creating expressions in the language of science
		5.4 What makes the world go ‘round?
		5.5 Daring to know
		5.6 Types of energy
		5.7 Force
		5.8 Electromagnetism
		5.9 Power
		Further reading
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	Chapter 6 Investigating nature
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 The mechanics of breathing
		6.3 How we view the natural world
		6.4 Quantum mechanics
		6.5 Complementarity
		6.6 The uncertainty principle of Heisenberg
		Further reading
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	Chapter 7 Generating order and system
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The polarization of light waves
		7.3 The fluctuating vacuum: the classical nothing becomes something
		7.4 There is still enchantment in physics
		7.5 Quantum field fluctuations in the vacuum
			7.5.1 Properties of quantum vacuum fluctuations: the Lamb shift
			7.5.2 Properties of quantum vacuum fluctuations: the Casimir–Polder force
			7.5.3 Properties of quantum vacuum fluctuations: the Casimir effect
			7.5.4 Properties of quantum vacuum fluctuations: vacuum polarization
		7.6 Fluctuations
		Further reading
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	Chapter 8 The forces of nature
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Some early history
		8.3 Gravity
		8.4 Electromagnetism
		8.5 Nuclear forces
			8.5.1 Strong nuclear interactions
			8.5.2 Weak nuclear interactions
		8.6 Some recent developments
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	Chapter 9 Intermolecular forces
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Something ideal
		9.3 Quantifying ideal behaviour: the gas laws
		9.4 Ballooning
		9.5 Something closer to reality
		9.6 The van der Waals force
		9.7 Forces on the small and on the large scale
		9.8 Representing the forces between molecules
		9.9 London dispersion force
		9.10 Earnshaw’s theorem
		9.11 The local field effect
		Further reading
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	Chapter 10 Aspects of the private life of a liquid
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Water: the least ideal of fluids
		10.3 Hydrogen bonding
		10.4 The mechanical properties of water
		10.5 The contribution of water to solutions
		10.6 Clathrates
		Further reading
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	Chapter 11 Order and complexity
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 A classification
		11.3 Packing of spheres
		11.4 The packing of less-perfect, but real shapes (molecules)
			11.4.1 Ionic solids
			11.4.2 Ice
			11.4.3 Organic solids
			11.4.4 Benzene–hexafluorobenzene
		11.5 The origin of order
		Further reading and acknowledgment
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	Chapter 12 ‘For all that moveth, doth in change delight’**Taken from the last stanza of The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser.
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Melting
		12.3 The fate of a snowflake