Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist

Front Cover
ES1
Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist: With General Pathology Introductions
Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist: With General Pathology Introductions
Copyright
Professional Dedication
Personal Dedication
Contributors
Preface
	About this Edition
	New to this Edition
	About Evolve
		For the Student
		For the Instructor
	From the Authors
Acknowledgments
Contents
Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist: With General Pathology Introductions
1 - Introduction to Preliminary Diagnosis of Oral Lesions
	Vocabulary
		Color of Lesion
		Size of Lesion
		Surface Texture
		Additional Vocabulary Words
	Introduction
	The Diagnostic Process
		Making a Diagnosis
			Clinical Diagnosis
			Radiographic Diagnosis
			Historical Diagnosis
			Surgical Diagnosis
			Therapeutic Diagnosis
	Variants of Normal
		Fordyce Granules
		Torus Palatinus
		Retrocuspid Papilla
		Lingual Varicosities
		Linea Alba
		Leukoedema
	Other Benign Conditions With UniqueClinical Features
		Lingual Thyroid
	Selected References
2 - Inflammation and Repair
	Vocabulary
	Injury
		Innate Defenses
	Inflammation
		Microscopic Events of Inflammation and Clinical Signs
		White Blood Cells in the Inflammatory Response
			Neutrophils
			Macrophages
		Biochemical Mediators Involved in Inflammation
			Kinin System
			Clotting Mechanism
			Complement System
			Other Biochemical Mediators of Inflammation
		Systemic Clinical Signs of Inflammation
			Fever
			Leukocytosis
			Lymphadenopathy
			Elevated Levels of C-Reactive Protein
		Chronic Inflammation
		Antiinflammatory Therapy
	Resolution of Inflammation
	Reactive Tissue Responses to Injury
	Tissue Repair
		Microscopic Events During Repair
			Day of Injury
			Day After Injury
			Two Days After Injury
			Seven Days After Injury
			Two Weeks After Injury
		Types of Repair
			Healing by Primary Intention
			Healing by Secondary Intention
			Healing by Tertiary Intention
		Bone Tissue Repair
		Factors That Impair Healing
	Traumatic Injuries to Teeth
		Attrition
		Abrasion
		Abfraction
		Erosion
	Injuries to Oral Soft Tissue
		Oral Mucosal Burns
			Aspirin Burn
			Phenol and Other Chemical Burns
			Electric Burn
			Thermal Burns
		Lesions Associated With Cocaine Use
		Lesions From Self-Induced Injuries
		Traumatic Ulcer
		Hematoma
		Frictional Keratosis
		Linea Alba
		Nicotine Stomatitis
		Smokeless Tobacco Keratosis (Tobacco Pouch Keratosis, Spit Tobacco Keratosis)
		Electronic (E-) Cigarettes
		Traumatic Neuroma
		Amalgam Tattoo
		Melanosis
		Solar Cheilitis (Actinic Cheilitis)
		Mucous Retention Lesions
		Sialolith (Salivary Calculi)
		Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
		Sialadenitis
	Reactive Connective Tissue Hyperplasia
		Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma)
		Localized Juvenile Spongiotic Gingivitis
		Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
		Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma (Peripheral Fibroma With Calcification)
		Fibroma, Irritation Fibroma, Traumatic Fibroma, and Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia
		Epulis Fissuratum (Denture-Induced Fibrous Hyperplasia)
		Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate
		Gingival Enlargement
		Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis
	Inflammatory Periapical Lesions
		Periapical Abscess
		Periapical Granuloma
		Radicular Cyst (Periapical Cyst)
		Tooth Resorption
		Condensing Osteitis (Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis)
		Alveolar Osteitis
	Selected References
3 - Immunity and Immunologic Oral Lesions
	Vocabulary
	Immune Response
	Antigens in the Immune Response
	Cellular Involvement in the Immune Response
		B-Cell Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells
		T-Cell Lymphocytes
		Natural Killer Cells
		Macrophages
		Dendritic Cells
		Cytokines in the Immune Response
		Immunity Types and Vaccinations
		Herd Immunity
	Major Divisions of the Immune Response
	Immunopathology
		Hypersensitivity
			Type I Hypersensitivity
			Type II Hypersensitivity
			Type III Hypersensitivity
			Type IV Hypersensitivity
			Drug Hypersensitivity
		Autoimmune Diseases
		Immunodeficiency
	Oral Immunologic Lesions and Diseases
		Aphthous Ulcers and Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
			Types of Aphthous Ulcers
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Urticaria and Angioedema
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Allergic Contact Mucositis and Dermatitis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Fixed Drug Eruptions
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Erythema Multiforme
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
		Lichen Planus
			Types of Lichen Planus
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Autoimmune Diseases With Oral Manifestations
		Sjögren Syndrome
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Pemphigus Vulgaris
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Bullous Pemphigoid
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Behçet Syndrome (Behçet Disease)
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Sarcoidosis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Immunodeficiency
		Primary Immunodeficiencies
		Secondary Immunodeficiencies
	Selected References
4 - Infectious Diseases
	Vocabulary
	Bacterial Infections
		Impetigo
		Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis
		Tuberculosis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Actinomycosis
		Syphilis
			Congenital Syphilis
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
		Pericoronitis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Acute Osteomyelitis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Chronic Osteomyelitis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
	Fungal Infections
		Candidiasis
			Types of Oral Candidiasis
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Deep Fungal Infections
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Mucormycosis
		Aspergillosis
	Viral Infections
		Human Papillomavirus Infection
			Verruca Vulgaris
			Condyloma Acuminatum
			Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia
		Herpes Simplex Infection
			Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
			Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection
		Varicella-Zoster Virus
			Chickenpox
			Herpes Zoster
		Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
			Infectious Mononucleosis
			Hairy Leukoplakia
			EBV-Associated Mucocutaneous Ulcer
		Coxsackievirus Infections
			Herpangina
			Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
		Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis
		Coronaviruses and COVID-19
		Other Viral Infections That May Have Oral Manifestations
			Measles
			Mumps
	Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
		The Spectrum of HIV
		Diagnosing AIDS
		HIV Testing
		Clinical Manifestations
		Medical Management
		Oral Manifestations
			Oral Candidiasis
			Herpes Simplex Infection
			Herpes Zoster
			Hairy Leukoplakia
			Human Papillomavirus Infections
			Kaposi Sarcoma
			Lymphoma
			Gingival and Periodontal Disease
			Spontaneous Gingival Bleeding
			Aphthous Ulcers
			Salivary Gland Disease
	Selected References
5 - Developmental Disorders
	Vocabulary
		Face
		Oral and Nasal Cavities
	Developmental Soft Tissue Abnormalities
		Ankyloglossia
	Developmental Cysts
		Odontogenic Cysts
			Dentigerous Cyst
			Primordial Cyst
			Odontogenic Keratocyst
			Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst
			Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst
			Lateral Periodontal Cyst, Gingival Cyst, and Botryoid Odontogenic Cyst
			Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
		Nonodontogenic Cysts
			Nasopalatine Duct Cyst
			Median Palatine Cyst
			Nasolabial Cyst
			Lymphoepithelial Cyst
			Epidermal Cyst
			Dermoid Cyst and Benign Cystic Teratoma
			Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
			Globulomaxillary Cyst
			Median Mandibular Cyst
			Stafne Defect
			Simple Bone Cyst
			Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		Abnormalities in the Number of Teeth
			Anodontia
			Hypodontia
			Supernumerary Teeth
		Abnormalities in the Size of Teeth
			Microdontia
			Macrodontia
		Abnormalities in the Shape of Teeth
			Gemination
			Fusion
			Hypercementosis
			Concrescence
			Dilaceration
			Enamel Pearl
			Talon Cusp
			Taurodontism
			Dens Invaginatus
			Dens Evaginatus
			Supernumerary Roots
		Abnormalities of Tooth Structure
			Enamel Hypoplasia
			Enamel Hypocalcification
			Endogenous Staining of Teeth
			Regional Odontodysplasia
		Abnormalities of Tooth Eruption
			Impacted and Embedded Teeth
			Ankylosed Teeth
				Continued
	Selected References
6 - Genetics
	Vocabulary
	Proteins and Genes
	Structure of the Genome
	Chromosomes
		Sex Chromosomes
	Cell Cycle and Cell Division
		Mitosis
			Stages of Mitosis
		Meiosis
			First Meiosis
			Second Meiosis
	Making Proteins From Genes
		Ribonucleic Acid
	Genes and Alleles
	Chromosomal Abnormalities
		Gross Chromosomal Abnormalities
		Types of Gross Chromosomal Abnormalities
		Clinical Syndromes Resulting From Gross Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Trisomy 21
			Trisomy 13
			Turner Syndrome
			Klinefelter Syndrome
			Cri du Chat (Cat Cry) Syndrome and Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
	Patterns of Inheritance
		Autosomal-Dominant Inheritance
		Autosomal-Recessive Inheritance
		X-Linked Inheritance
			Lyon Hypothesis and X-Linked Recessive Traits
		Genetic Heterogeneity
		Multifactorial Inheritance
	Examples of Inherited Disorders
		Inherited Disorders Affecting the Gingiva and Periodontium
			Cyclic Neutropenia
			Chronic Neutropenia
			Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome
			Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
			Focal Palmoplantar and Gingival Hyperkeratosis
			Gingival Fibromatosis
			Laband Syndrome
			Gingival Fibromatosis With Hypertrichosis, Epilepsy, and Mental Retardation Syndrome
			Gingival Fibromatosis With Multiple Hyaline Fibromas
		Inherited Disorders Affecting the Jawbones and Facies
			Cherubism
			Ellis–van Creveld Syndrome
			Cleidocranial Dysplasia
			Gardner Syndrome
			Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
			Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
			Osteogenesis Imperfecta
			Torus Mandibularis
			Torus Palatinus
			Maxillary Exostosis
		Inherited Disorders Affecting the Oral Mucosa
			Isolated Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate
			Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
			Multiple Mucosal Neuroma Syndrome
			Neurofibromatosis Type I (Neurofibromatosis of von Recklinghausen)
			Neurofibromatosis Type II
			Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
			White Sponge Nevus
		Inherited Disorders Affecting the Teeth
			Amelogenesis Imperfecta
			Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
			Dentin Dysplasia
			Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
			Hypophosphatasia
			Hypophosphatemic Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets
			Pegged or Absent Maxillary Lateral Incisors
			Taurodontism
7 - Neoplasia
	Vocabulary
	Description of Neoplasia
	Causes of Neoplasia
	Classification of Tumors
	Names of Tumors
	Treatment of Tumors
	Epithelial Tumors
	Tumors of Squamous Epithelium
		Papilloma
		Premalignant Lesions
			Leukoplakia
			Erythroplakia
			Oral Submucous Fibrosis
			Epithelial Dysplasia
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Risk Factors
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Verrucous Carcinoma
		Basal Cell Carcinoma
	Salivary Gland Tumors
		Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Mixed Tumor)
		Monomorphic Adenomas
		Warthin Tumor (Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum)
		Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (Cylindroma)
			Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
		Other Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors
	Odontogenic Tumors
		Epithelial Odontogenic Tumors
			Ameloblastoma
			Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
			Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
		Mesenchymal Odontogenic Tumors
			Odontogenic Myxoma
			Central Ossifying Fibroma
			Cementoblastoma
		Mixed Odontogenic Tumors
			Ameloblastic Fibroma
			Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma
			Odontoma
		Peripheral Odontogenic Tumors
	Tumors of Soft Tissue
		Tumor of Adipose Tissue
			Lipoma
		Tumors of Nerve Tissue
			Neurofibroma and Schwannoma
			Granular Cell Tumor
		Congenital Epulis
		Tumors of Muscle
		Vascular Tumors
			Lymphangioma
			Malignant Vascular Tumors
	Tumors of Melanin-Producing Cells
		Melanocytic Nevus
		Melanoma
	Tumors of Bone and Cartilage
		Osteoma
		Osteosarcoma
		Tumors of Cartilage
	Tumors of Blood-Forming Tissues
		Leukemia
		Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma)
		Multiple Myeloma
		Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Langerhans Cell Disease)
	Metastatic Tumors
8 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of Bone
	Vocabulary
	Benign Fibro-Osseous Lesions
		Periapical Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia
		Florid Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia
		Focal Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia
		Fibrous Dysplasia
			Types of Fibrous Dysplasia
				Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia
	Paget Disease of Bone
		Central Giant Cell Granuloma (Central Giant Cell Lesion)
	Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
	Osteomalacia
9 - Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
	Vocabulary
	Endocrine Disorders
		Hyperpituitarism
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis, Graves Disease)
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Treatment
		Hypothyroidism (Cretinism, Myxedema)
		Hyperparathyroidism
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Diabetes
			Diagnostic Criteria
			Prediabetes
			Types of Diabetes
				Insulin-Dependent Diabetes, Pathology, and Clinical Management
					Complications of Type 1 Diabetes. Complications can occur in up to 90% of individuals with type 1 diabetes within 20 years of di...
					The Insulin Pump. An increasing number of patients with type 1 diabetes are receiving insulin pump therapy. This form of therapy...
					Pharmacologic Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Unlike patients with type 1 diabetes (profound insulin deficiency), patients with t...
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations of Diabetes
		Addison Disease (Primary Hypoadrenocorticism)
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Treatment
		Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
	Blood Disorders
	Disorders of Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin
		Anemia
		Iron Deficiency Anemia
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Pernicious Anemia
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia
			Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Beta-Thalassemia
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Treatment
		Sickle Cell Anemia
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Aplastic Anemia
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Polycythemia
			Types of Polycythemia
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
	Disorders of White Blood Cells
		Agranulocytosis
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Cyclic Neutropenia
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Leukemia
		Acute Leukemias
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Chronic Leukemias
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
	Celiac Disease
		Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
	Bleeding Disorders
	Hemostasis
		Platelet Count
		Bleeding Time
		Prothrombin Time
		Partial Thromboplastin Time
	Purpura
		Thrombocytopenic Purpura
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
		Nonthrombocytopenic Purpura
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
	Hemophilia
		Types of Hemophilia
			Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis and Treatment
	Oral Manifestations of Therapy for Oral Cancer
	Radiation Therapy
	Chemotherapy
	Effects of Drugs on the Oral Cavity
	Osteoporosis
	Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
		Pathogenesis
		Diagnosis and Epidemiology
		Management of Patients Taking Antiresorptive Medications
		Osteoporosis Patients
		Cancer Patients
		Patients Diagnosed With Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
		Staging and Treatment
	Medication-Induced Mucosal Pigmentation
10 - Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders
	Vocabulary
	OROFACIAL PAIN
	Neuropathic Orofacial Pain
	Burning Mouth Syndrome
		Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
		Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Bell Palsy (Idiopathic Facial Paralysis, Idiopathic Seventh Nerve Paralysis)
		Clinical Features and Oral Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
	TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS
	Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint
	Normal Function of the Temporomandibular Joint
	Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint
		History of the Field of Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain
		Epidemiology of Temporomandibular Disorders
		Pathophysiology of Temporomandibular Disorders
		Evaluation of Temporomandibular Disorders
			History
			Clinical Examination
			Imaging
		Types of Temporomandibular Disorders
			Masticatory Muscle Disorder
				Myofascial Pain
			Internal Derangement
			Arthritis
			TMJ Mobility Disorders
				Hypermobility Disorders
			Neoplasia
	Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders
		Nonsurgical Treatment
		Surgical Treatment
		Multidisciplinary Management
Answers to Review Questions
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
Glossary
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y