Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology for the Clinician

Cover
Title page
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part I Basics
	1 Patient Evaluation and Management of Medical Problems in the Oral Surgery Patient 3
		Risk Assessment
		Documentation
		Management of Patients with Medical Problems
			Cardiovascular Disease
				Hypertension
				Angina Pectoris
				Myocardial Infarction
				Stroke/Cerebrovascular Accident
				Cardiac Arrhythmias
				Heart Failure
				Treatment Guidelines
			Endocrine Disorders
				Diabetes Mellitus
				Thyroid Disease
				Adrenal Insufficiency
			Hepatic Disease
			Renal Disease
				Dialyzed Patients
			Pulmonary Disease
				Asthma
				Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
			Pregnancy
		Conclusion
		References
	2 Risk Reduction Strategies
		Methods of Risk Reduction
		Faulty Record Keeping
		Informed Consent
		Conclusion
		Reference
	3 Preparing the Dental Office for Medical Emergencies: Essentials of an Emergency Kit
		Staff
		Equipment
			Oxygen
			Airway Adjuncts
			Automated External Defibrillators (Figure 3.2)
			Vitals Monitoring
			Intravenous Kits
		Emergency Drug Kit
			Oxygen
			Aromatic Ammonia
			Aspirin
			Albuterol
			Glucose
			Nitroglycerin
			Diphenhydramine
			Epinephrine
			Sedation-Specific Emergencies
		Summary
		References
Part II Dentoalveolar Surgery
	4 Surgical Management of the Impacted Canine
		Etiology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Management of the Impacted Canine
			Goals
			Interceptive Treatment to Prevent Impactions
			Surgical Management of the Impacted Canine
			Open vs Closed Surgery
			Palatal Maxillary Impactions
			Labial Maxillary Impactions
			Mandibular Impactions
		Complications
		References
	5 Crown Lengthening
		Biologic Width
		Indications for Crown Lengthening [3]
		Contraindications for Crown Lengthening [1]
		Procedures Carried Out Prior to Crown Lengthening [4]
		Bone Sounding [2]
		Sequence of Treatment for Crown Lengthening
			External Bevel Gingivectomy
			Internal Bevel Gingivectomy
			Flap Surgery with Osseous Surgery
			Apically Positioned Flap With or Without Osseous Surgery
			Combined with Orthodontic Extrusion
		Classification of Esthetic Crown Lengthening [2]
		Postoperative Care [3]
		References
Part III Implantology
	6 Bone-Grafting Techniques and Biomaterials for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation
		Bone Graft Materials and Healing Physiology
			Introduction
			Bone Graft and Tissue Engineering Materials – Outline
				Autogenous (Natural)
				Allograft (Natural)
				Xenograft – Bovine, Porcine, Equine, Marine Coral, or Algal Sources
				Alloplast
				Other Synthetic Sources (Engineered)
				Autologous Platelet Concentrate
			Bone Graft and Tissue Engineering Materials
				Autograft
				Allograft
			Mineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft
			Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft
			Particulate Cortical, Cancellous, and Corticocancellous Allograft
		Xenograft
			Natural Hydroxyapatite
				Bio-Oss – Bovine Derived
			Natural Hydroxyapatite – Marine Coral Derived
				Calcium Carbonate – Biocoral
			Fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) – Natural Sea Algae Derived
			Alloplast (Synthetic Sources)
			Hydroxyapatite Based (Synthetic HA)
			Marine Coral Derived (Hydroxyapatite)
				Coralline Porous Hydroxyapatite – Interpore (Synthetic HA)
				Coralline Porous Hydroxyapatite – Pro Osteon (Synthetic HA)
			Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite (Synthetic HA)
			Tricalcium Phosphate (Synthetic)
			Biphasic HA and B-TCP Material (Synthetic Combination)
			Calcium Sulfate – Gypsum Based (Synthetic)
				Calcium Sulfate – Nanocrystalline (Synthetic)
				Biphasic Calcium Sulfate (Synthetic)
			Bioactive Glass Ceramics (Synthetic)
			Other Synthetic Sources – Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein (rhBMP)
			Autologous Platelet Concentrates (See Table 6.1 for Complete Formulations)
				Platelet-Rich Plasma
				Platelet-Rich Fibrin
		Ridge Preservation
			Ridge Preservation Indications
			Ridge Preservation Algorithm
			Ridge Preservation Surgical Technique
			Ridge Preservation Surgical Complications
			Ridge Preservation Implant Survival and Success Rates
			Ridge Preservation Conclusion (Box 6.4)
		Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR)
			Guided Bone Regeneration Indications
			Nonabsorbable Membrane
				Titanium Mesh
				e-PTFE [51, 52]
				Nonexpanded d-PTFE (Osteogenics Biomedical) [6, 49–51, 53]
				Titanium-reinforced PTFE [51, 54]
			Absorbable Membrane
				Collagen Base (Bovine, Porcine, or Human Tendon, Dermis, Skin, or Pericardium)
				Polymeric Membrane (Manufactured Synthetic Membrane)
			Tuberosity Harvest Technique (Figures 6.9–6.11, Box 6.5)
			Guided Bone Regeneration
				Surgical Technique for Three Wall Defect (Figures 6.15–6.18)
				Surgical Technique for Moderate-to-Severe Defect
				Particulate Graft Resorption Post Grafting
				Guided Bone Regeneration Complications
				Guided Bone Regeneration Implant Survival and Success Rates
				Guided Bone Regeneration Conclusion (Box 6.6)
			Intraoral Onlay Graft
				Indications (Particulate and Block Graft)
				Subperiosteal Tunneling Technique with Absorbable Membrane
				Autogenous Onlay Corticocancellous Grafts Healing
				Surgical Harvest Technique: Intraoral Lateral Ramal Shelf and Symphysis (Figure 6.8)
				Autogenous Intraoral Block Grafts – Surgical Complications
				Allogeneic Block Bone (Cadaver Bone)
				Block Graft Implant Survival and Success Rate
				Block Graft Conclusion (Box 6.7)
			Ridge Split
				Indications
				Ridge Split Surgical Technique
				Ridge Split Complications
				Ridge Split Implant Survival and Success Rates
				Ridge Split Conclusion (Box 6.8)
		Interpositional 				Bone Graft or “Sandwich Osteotomy”
			Indications
			Interpositional Bone Graft Surgical Technique
			Interpositional Bone Graft Complications
			Interpositional Bone Graft Implant Survival and Success Rates
			Interpositional Bone Graft Conclusion (Box 6.9)
		Distraction Osteogenesis
			Indications
			Distraction Osteogenesis Surgical Technique
			Distraction Osteogenesis Complications
			Distraction Osteogenesis Implant Survival and Success Rates
			Distraction Osteogenesis Conclusion (Box 6.10)
		Postoperative Instructions
		Conclusion
			Horizontal Augmentation Recap (Tables 6.5 and 6.6)
			Horizontal Augmentation Complication Recap
		Vertical Augmentation Recap (Tables 6.5 and 6.6)
		References
	7 Maxillary Sinus Augmentation
		Introduction
		Maxillary Sinus Anatomy
		Indications, Contraindications, Limitations
		Lateral Window Approach
		Transalveolar (Crestal) Approach
		Bone-Grafting Material
		Complications
		References
	8 Technologic, Material, and Procedural Advancements in Dental Implant Surgery
		Introduction
		Three-Dimensional Imaging
		Computerized Implant Planning Technology
		Intraoral Optical Impressions and Integration with CBCT, CAD/CAM, and Stereolithography
		Surgical Drilling Guide Integration and Fabrication
		Guided Navigation in Osteotomy Preparation and Implant Placement
		Membranes for Bone Grafting
		BMP, PRGF, and PRP
		Implant-Supported, Full-Arch, Fixed Prostheses with Immediate Loading and “All-on-Four”
		Zygomatic Implants
		Lasers
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV Trauma
	9 Diagnosis and Management of Dentoalveolar Trauma
		Introduction
		Evaluation
		History
		Physical Examination
		Radiographic Studies
		Diagnosis and Management of Dentoalveolar Injuries
		Injuries to the Dental Hard Tissue and Pulp
			Crown Infraction
			Crown Fracture
			Crown-Root Fracture
			Root Fracture
		Injuries to the Periodontal Tissues
			Concussion
			Subluxation
			Intrusion
			Extrusion
			Lateral Luxation
			Avulsion
		Dentoalveolar Injuries in the Primary Dentition
			Splinting
		Injuries to the Gingiva or Oral Mucosa
		Injuries to Supporting Bone
		Follow-Up
		Conclusion
		References
Part V Pathology
	10 Biopsy Technique: When, Where, and How?
		Introduction
		Patient Evaluation: Health History, Medications
		Lesion History
		Clinical Examination
		Indications for Biopsies
		Precancerous Lesion: “Potentially Malignant Disorders”
		Biopsy Techniques
			Incisional Biopsy
			Excisional Biopsy
			Punch Biopsy
		Adjunctive Techniques
			Lugol’s Iodine
			Toluidine Blue
			Brush Biopsy/Cytology
		References
	11 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
		Introduction
		Aphthous Lesions and Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
			Presentation
			Etiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Herpetic Lesions
			Course of the Disease
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Candidiasis
			Clinical Presentation
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Lichen Planus
			Clinical Presentation
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Pemphigus Vulgaris
			Clinical Presentation
			Etiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Erythema Multiforme
			Clinical Presentation
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Fixed Drug Eruptions
			Clinical Presentation
			Etiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		References
	12 Benign Pediatric Pathology: Diagnosis and Management
		Introduction
		Odontogenic Cysts
			Periapical Cyst
			Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
			Dentigerous Cyst
			Eruption Cyst
			Odontogenic Keratocyst
			Odontogenic Tumors
				Odontoma
				Ameloblastoma
				Ameloblastic Fibroma
		Non-dontogenic Cysts
			Idiopathic Bone Cavity
			Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			Nonodontogenic Tumors
				Congenital Epulis
				Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
				Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma
				Fibrous Dysplasia
				Giant	Cell Lesion
				Cherubism
		Soft Tissue Lesions
			Fibroma
			Pyogenic Granuloma
			Branchial Cleft Cyst
			Hemangioma
			Vascular Malformation
			Verrucous Vulgaris and Condyloma Acuminatum
		Salivary Gland Lesions
			Mucocele
			Ranula
			Pleomorphic Adenoma
		References
	13 Diagnosis and Management of Salivary Gland Pathology
		Introduction
		Obstructive Salivary Gland Disorders
			Sialolithiasis (Salivary Gland Stones)
				Etiology
				Sialolithiasis Imaging
				Management of Sialolithiasis
			Bacterial Salivary Gland Infections
		Viral Diseases
			Viral Sialadenitis
			Granulomatous Disease of the Salivary Gland
		Autoimmune Diseases
			Sjögren Syndrome
		Salivary Gland Tumors
			Pleomorphic Adenoma
			Warthin Tumor
			Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
			Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
			Polymorphic Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma
		Conclusion
		References
	14 Odontogenic Cysts and Odontogenic Tumors
		Introduction
		Basic Embryology
		Odontogenic Cysts
			Odontogenic Cysts of Inflammatory Origin
				Radicular Cysts
				Residual Cysts
				Collateral Cysts
			Developmental Odontogenic Cysts
				Dentigerous Cysts
				Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor)
				Lateral Periodontal Cyst and Botryoid Odontogenic Cyst
				Gingival Cyst
				Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
				Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst
				Orthokeratinized Odontongenic Cyst
			Odontogenic Tumors
				Ameloblastoma
					Histologic Features
					Treatment Considerations
				Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
					Clinical Presentation
					Histologic Features
					Treatment Considerations
				Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
					Clinical Presentation
					Histologic Features
					Treatment Considerations
				Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
					Clinical Presentation
					Histologic Features
					Treatment Considerations
				Odontogenic Fibroma
					Clinical Presentation
					Histologic Features
					Treatment Considerations
				Cementoblastoma
					Clinical Presentation
					Histologic Features
					Treatment Considerations
				Odontogenic Myxoma
					Clinical Presentation
					Histologic Features
					Treatment Considerations
			Odontoma
				Clinical Presentation
				Histologic Features
				Treatment Considerations
		References
	15 Osteomyelitis of the Jaw
		Classification
		Demographic Findings
		Clinical Presentation
		Laboratory Analysis
		Radiologic Evaluation
		Microbiology
		Histologic Findings
		Treatment
		Case Presentations
			Osteomyelitis of the Maxilla
			Osteomyelitis of the Mandible
		References
	16 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
		Introduction
		Etiology
		Symptoms
		Pathophysiology and Related Health Issues
		Diagnosis and Classification
		Treatment
			Intraoral Devices
			Surgical Procedures
				Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
				Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
				Genial Tubercle Advancement
				Maxillary-Mandibular Advancement
				Distraction Osteogenesis
		Conclusion
		References
	17 Temporomandibular Disorders: A Clinician’s Guide for Nonsurgical and Surgical Interventions
		Introduction
		Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation
			Classification
		Diagnostic Evaluation
			History
		Physical Exam
		Nonsurgical Treatment Approaches
			Methods of Therapy
				Splint Therapy
				Maxillary and Mandibular Full-Arch Splints
				Other Reversible Therapeutic Options
			Nonreversible General Dentistry Methods of Therapy
		Surgical Approaches
		Case Presentation
		Conclusion
		References
	18 Postoperative Complications in Oral Surgery
		Complications Arising During the Procedure
			Extraction of the Wrong Tooth
			Teeth Splint Technique
			Damage to Adjacent Tooth or Structures
			Root Fracture and Displacement
			Oroantral Communication
			Aspiration of Teeth, Instruments, Restoration, or Dental Crowns
			Nerve Injury
		Complications after Oral Surgery
			Alveolar Osteitis (Dry Socket)
			Infection
			Pain, Swelling, and Trismus
			Bleeding
			Fracture of Bony Structures
		References
	19 Odontogenic Infections: Anatomy, Etiology, and Treatment
		Introduction
		Definition
		Microbiology
		Clinical Presentation
		Clinical Work-Up
			Physical Examination
			Radiographic Imaging
			Procurement of Cultures
		Pain Control
		Treatment Techniques
			Alveolar/Vestibular/Palatal Abscess
				Method
			Palatal Abscess
				Method
			Submandibular/Submental Abscess
				Method
			Sublingual Abscess
				Method
			Buccal and Midfacial Abscess
				Method
			Masticator Space
			Submasseteric Space
				Methods
			Pterygomandibular Space
				Method
			Temporal Spaces
				Method
			Ludwig Angina
				Treatment of Ludwig Angina
		Pericoronitis
		Antibiotic Therapy
		References
Part VI Pain Control
	20 Approaches to the Management of Facial Pain
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Neurophysiology of Orofacial Pain
		Diagnostic Approach to Facial Pain Patients
		Grouping of Oral Facial Pain
			Acute Facial Pain
			Neuropathic Pain
				Episodic Neuropathic Pain
				Continuous NP
			Neurovascular Pain
		Topical Medications for Orofacial Pain
			Topical Anesthetics
				Lidocaine Patches
				Proparacaine
				Streptomycin and Lidocaine
				Vanilloid Compounds (Capsaicin)
			Topical NSAIDs
				Ketoprofen
				Diclofenac
			Antidepressants
		Sympathomimetic Agents
		NMDA-Blocking Agents
		Botulinum A Toxin
		Surgical Treatment Strategies for OFP
			Injection Therapy
				Complications of Injection Therapy
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	21 Local Anesthesia: Agents and Techniques
		Local Anesthetics
		Nerve Block Techniques
			Maxillary Nerve Blocks
				Anatomy (Figure 21.1)
				Greater Palatine Approach
				High Tuberosity Approach
				Sigmoid Notch Approach
			Mandibular Nerve Block
				Halstead Method
				Akinosi Technique (Figure 21.6)
				Gow-Gates Technique (Figure 21.7)
		Auxilliary/Supplemental Techniques
			Intrasulcular Infusion
			Intraosseous Injection
			Trigger Point Injections
			Nasal Spray
		Reversal of Local Anesthesia
		References
	22 Nitrous Oxide
		History
		Properties
		Use and Administration
		Risks and Concerns
		Contraindications
		Interactions with Other Sedatives
		Delivery
		Safety Mechanisms
		Monitoring
		Regulation
		References
Part VII Oral Medicine
	23 Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Recent Trends in Therapeutic Applications
		Introduction
		Rationale for Antibiotic Prophylaxis
		The Problem with Biofilms
		Infective Endocarditis
			Dental Procedures for Which Endocarditis Prophylaxis is Recommended
			Additional Considerations about Infective Endocarditis Antibiotic Prophylaxis (When Indicated)
		Prosthetic Joint Replacements
		Immunologically Compromised Patients
			Systemic Prophylactic Agents for Immunocompromised Patients
		Third Molars/Extractions
		Orthognathic Surgery
		Cleft lip and palate
		Dental Implants
		Sinus Lift Bone Grafting
		Trauma
		Conclusion
		References
	24 Management of Patients on Anticoagulation
		Introduction
		Vitamin K Antagonists
		Heparins
		Direct Thrombin Inhibitors, Direct Xa Inhibitors
		Antiplatelet Agents
		Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
		Local Hemostatic Measures
		Conclusion
		References
	25 Burning Mouth Syndrome
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Etiology and Risk Factors
		Primary and Secondary Burning Mouth Syndrome
		Clinical Presentation
		Diagnosis
			Diagnosis of Secondary BMS
		Treatment
			Secondary Burning Mouth Syndrome
			Primary Burning Mouth Syndrome
		Conclusion
		References
Index
EULA.