Optimizing Community Infrastructure: Resilience in the Face of Shocks and Stresses

Optimizing Community Infrastructure
Copyright
List of Contributors
Author Biographies
	NATALIE AMBROSIO, BSC
	ALLISON HOADLEY ANDERSON, FAIA, LEED AP
	BILAL M. AYYUB, PHD
	JERRY P. BRASHEAR, MBA, PHD
	JOYCE COFFEE, MCP, LEED AP
	RYAN M. COLKER, JD, CAE
	JEFF DAGLE, MSEE, PE
	CINDY L. DAVIS, CBO
	JASON HARTKE, PHD
	ALICE C. HILL, JD
	MICHAEL E. HOOKER, MBA
	JOHN S. JACOB, PHD
	WILLIAM KAKENMASTER, BA
	YOON HUI KIM, PHD, MPHIL
	SAMANTHA A. MEDLOCK, CFM
	GEOFFREY G. MILLER, PE, BCEE
	DEVESH NIRMUL, CEM, CSDP, LEED AP O+M
	ROBERT G. OTTENHOFF, MCRP, BA
	M. JOHN PLODINEC, PHD
	ALLISON C. REILLY, PHD
	JAMES (TIM) T. RYAN, CBO
	JAMES SCHWAB, FAICP, BA, MA
	JOHN SCOTT, BOMA FELLOW, RPA
	STACY SWANN, BA, MBA, MTS
	TIMOTHY P. TABER, PE, BCEE
	ZIYUE WANG, MEM, BA
	CHARRISS R.H. YORK, MS
Acknowledgements
Introduction to Infrastructure Resilience
	Defining Resilience
	Resilience Is a Wicked Problem
	A Systems Approach to Resilience
	Infrastructure as a Community System
	About This Book
	References
Introduction
	Why Resilience?
	Sustainability and Resilience
	References
1 -
Resilient Infrastructure: Understanding Interconnectedness and Long-Term Risk
	Introduction
	The Settled Science of Climate Change
	An Already Fragile System
	Climate Change Risks to Infrastructure
	Building Resilient Infrastructure
	Conclusion
	References
2. Sustainable and Resilient Buildings: Essential Together
	Introduction: The Resiliency Agenda
		Resilient and Sustainable: A Great Convergence
		Green Building as an Early Catalyst for Change
		Responding to “Changes in Climate”
	The Seeds of Resilience
		Bridging Sustainability and Resilience: Key Conceptual Linkages
	From Research to Implementation
		The Emergence of Resilient Building Systems and Ratings
		How to Fortify
		Other Systems and Approaches
		A New Political Urgency to Solutions
	Conclusion
		Epilogue
	References
Resilience Solutions
Introduction
	Risk, Interdependencies and Externalities
	Electric Power Infrastructure
	Water Systems
	References
3. Managing Risk to Critical Infrastructures, Their Interdependencies, and the Region They Serve: A Risk Management Process
	The Present Situation
		The Challenge
		Critical Infrastructures and Communities at Risk from Interdependencies and Resource Constraints
		Local CI and Regional Decision Context and Constraints
	Goal, Objectives, and Design Requirements for an Integrated CI-Regional RMP
		Goal and Objectives
		Design Considerations
		Risk and Resilience Definitions
	Risk Management Process Description
		Overview of the RMP
		Basic Method Selection
		CI Level RMP in Brief: Five Critical Decisions
	Five Phases to Address the Five Critical Decisions
		Decision 1: Scoping
		Decision 2: Baseline Risk Analysis
		Decision 3: Option Valuation
		Decision 4: Implement and Operate
		Decision 5: Performance Evaluation
	Dependencies and Interdependencies
		Current Situation in Managing D&Is
		Using RMP for Dependencies and Interdependencies Analysis
	Regional Risk and Resilience
		Regional Community Benefits Defined and Calculated
		Estimation of Regional Economic Losses
		Incremental Funding to Generate Significant Regional Community Net Benefits
	Conclusions and Implications
	References
4. Resilience of Electric Power Infrastructure
	Examining Electric Power Resilience
		Defining Electric Power Resilience
	Reliability Metrics and the Challenge with Developing Resilience Metrics
	Making the System More Resilient
	Frequency Control Safeguards
	Making Individual Assets Less Critical
	Limiting the Consequences of Component Failures
	Failsafe Communications
	Adaptive Islanding
		Remedial Action Schemes
		Implementing Adaptive Islanding
	Flexibility
	Enhancing Restoration
		Importance of Mutual Assistance
		Spare Parts and Logistics
	Cyber Resilience
	Personnel Resilience
	References
5. Becoming a Resilient Water System: A Transformative Process
	Introduction
	The Evolution of OCWA
		The Creation of the Authority
		OCWA's Predecessors
			Syracuse Suburban Water System
			American Pipe Manufacturing Company
			Suburban Water Company
			Federal Water Service
			New York Water
		Onondaga County Water Authority (December 29, 1955 to Present)
	Evolution of Asset Management at OCWA
	OCWA's All-Hazards Approach
		Management System
		System/Asset Characterization
		Threat Characterization
		Consequence Analysis
		Threat Analysis
		Vulnerability Analysis
	Countermeasures and Assignment
		Countermeasures' Effectiveness Against Threats
		Risk Assessment
		Consequences Determination
	Risk/Resilience Management
	Emergency Response Plan Enhancements
	What Lies Ahead
	References
Introduction
	Financing Resilient Infrastructure
	Climate Risk in Financial Decision Making
	References
6. Financing Resilient Infrastructure
	Introduction
	Finance Sector Trends Affecting Resilient Infrastructure Demand
		Municipal Credit Ratings Include the Physical Risks from Climate Change
		Insurance Premiums Rise
		Big Data Inform Decision Making
		Investor Guidance Recommends Assessing Climate Risk
	Factors Beyond the Finance Sector May Increase Demand for Resilient Infrastructure
		Liability Grows
		Supply Chains Experience Climate Change-Related Impacts
		Risks May Change Real Estate Markets
	Understanding Finance Options
		Where the Money Comes From: Public Revenue Sources
		Where Money Comes From: Private Investment Instruments
	Resilient Infrastructure Investment Instruments: Debt
		General Obligation Bonds
		Revenue Bonds
			Green, environmental, or climate bonds
			Tax Increment Finance bonds
		Insurance-Linked Securities
			Catastrophe bonds
			Resilience bonds
	Enablers of Resilient Infrastructure Finance
		Public–Private Partnerships
		State Revolving Loan Funds
		Property-Assessed Resilience
			Green banks
		Regional Resilience Collaborations
	Resilient Infrastructure Finance Challenges and Solutions
		Project Scale Resilience Risk and Impact Measurement Is Immature
			Solution: Data
		Investment and Climate Impact Horizons Are Mismatched
			Solution: Collateral benefits that provide benefits now and in the future
		Climate Change Impacts Exacerbate Discrepancies in Vulnerability and Wealth
			Solution 1: Equate a lack of resilience with a decrease in growth in the middle-class market
			Solution 2: Visualize the risks and solutions using maps
		Information Ownership and Power Are Mismatched
			Solution: Cross-sector collaboration and establishing a focal point
		Cost–Benefit Analysis Do Not Include Future Risk
			Solution: Use the latest ratios and methods and compare traditional to resilient
		Resilient Infrastructure Projects May Be Too Small to Generate Financier Interest
			Solution: Warehouse resilient infrastructure projects
	Conclusion
	References
7. Addressing Climate Risk in Financial Decision Making
	Introduction
	Climate Risks and Opportunities: Why They Matter for Infrastructure Lending
	The Infrastructure Finance Landscape
		Sources of Infrastructure Finance
		Infrastructure Life Cycle
		Infrastructure Banks
		Institutional Investors
	Translating Physical Climate Risks into Investment Life Cycles
	Managing Physical Climate-Related Risks
		Strategically Assessing Physical Climate Risks
			Developing a new paradigm for infrastructure design and investment
			Understanding risks “beyond the fence”
			Assessing climate risk in infrastructure
			Assessing climate resilience in infrastructure
		Translating Physical Climate Risks into Opportunities
			Investing in resilient infrastructure
			Obtaining resilience dividends
			Leveraging engagement to build shared resilience
			Staying ahead of a shifting regulatory landscape
	Case Studies
		Port of Durban—Lessons Learned from Past Losses
			Setting the scene: South Africa's port system and the Port of Durban
			Climate change impacts on revenues
			Climate change impacts on costs
			Climate change impacts on assets and liabilities
			Climate change impacts on capital and financing
			Risk management
			Implications for investors
		San Diego Airport—Embracing Opportunities in Climate Resilience
			Setting the Scene: San Diego International Airport
			Climate change impacts on revenues
			Climate change impacts on costs
			Climate change impacts on assets and liabilities
			Climate change impacts on capital and finance
			Risk management
			Implications for investors
	Conclusion
	References
Introduction
	Nature-Based Solutions
	Land-Use Policies
	References
8. Harnessing Green Infrastructure for Resilient, Natural Solutions
	Introduction
	A Note on Terminology
	Macroscale Green Infrastructure
		Ecosystem Services
		Tools for Incorporating Land and Ecosystems into a Community's GI Portfolio
	Midscale Practices
		Constructed Stormwater Wetlands
	Green Streets/Treatment Trains
	Conservation Neighborhood Design
	Site-Scale Practices
		Design Considerations
		Pollutant Removal
	Context and Scale
		BMPs in Context
		Watersheds and Walkability
	Conclusions
	References
9. How Smart Land-Use Policies Help Avoid Future Headaches
	Introduction
	Putting Risk and Resilience at the Center of Local Land-Use Policies
		Integrating Hazard Mitigation into Local Planning
		Creating a Culture of Resilience
	Relating Infrastructure to Land Use
		Where and How We Build
		Location and Design of Infrastructure
		Maintaining Vital Infrastructure to Achieve Resilience
	Risk Management and Critical Infrastructure
	Strategies and Tools for Community and Infrastructure Resilience
	Conclusion
	References
Introduction
	Investors and Development
	Designers
	Building Codes
	References
10. The New Resilient Built Environment: Perspectives From Investors and Owners of Private Buildings
	Introduction
	The Investment–Reinvestment Continuum
	Owner/Investor Community Interviews
	Institutional Portfolio Owner Perspective: Principal Real Estate Investors
		Fostering a Culture of Resiliency Within a Vertically Integrated Commercial Real Estate Investment Firm
		Management Strategy/Corporate Culture
		Tenant Engagement
	Multiple Owner/Building-Level Perspective: A Commercial Real Estate Sustainability Consultant
		A Perspective on Strategy and Energy-Climate Impact Mitigation Cobenefits of Owners and Tenants in the Commercial Property  ...
	Portfolio Building Manager Perspective: Colliers International
		Driving Climate Resiliency from the Momentum Generated through Energy Efficiency
		Energy Resiliency—Park Tower Multitenant High-Rise Office in Tampa, FL
		Protecting the Long-Term Investment Horizon of Institutional Investors
	Multifamily Portfolio Manager Perspective: FirstService Residential
		A Market-Transforming Approach to Engaging Condominium Owners on Sea-Level Rise and Windstorm Vulnerability/Impacts and Dri ...
		Coastal Condominium Marketplace: Market Drivers and the Relevance of Resiliency
		The Evolving Condominium Risk-Reserves Management Paradigm
	Private New Construction and Renovation Resiliency Financing: Counterpointe Sustainable Real Estate—Hannon Armstrong
		PACE in Florida: An Innovative Catalyst for Resiliency Investments
		PACE as a Catalyst for the Mainstream Banking and Finance Market to Motivate and Incentivize Resiliency Investments
	Private Insurer Perspective: FM Global
		A Mutual Commercial Insurance Firm with a Built-in Incentive for Advancing Resiliency Investments
		Deconstructing the FM Global Approach: Miami Metro Area Tropical Storm Risk and Building-Level Insurance
		The Empirical Experience of FM Global's Strategy
		A Mutual Insurance Company's Legacy for an Age of Unprecedented Change in Risk and Impacts from Climate
	Conclusion
	References
11. The Role of Designers and Other Building Practitioners in Advancing Resilience
	Introduction
	Risk and Resilience
	Designers as Community Resources
	Designers as Client Advisers
	Design for Adaptation
	Design Responses to Climate Risk
	Conclusion
	References
12. Building Codes: The Foundation for Resilient Communities
	HISTORY OF CODES
	DEVELOPING TODAY'S MODEL CODES
	LOCAL AND STATE ADOPTION OF CODES
	THE ROLE OF CODES IN ADDRESSING EXISTING BUILDINGS
	THE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING DEPARTMENTS
	WHY CODES ARE JUST THE FOUNDATION
	REFERENCES
Introduction
	References
13. Designing for Resilient Systems Under Emerging Risks
	Introduction
		On Black Swans
	Risk and Resilience: Terminology and Quantification
		Risk: Terminology and Definition
		Risk: Measurements and Metrics
		Resilience: Terminology and Definition
		Resilience: Measurements and Metrics
	Risk and Resilience Analyses for Emerging Risks
		Knowledge, Information, Ignorance, and Uncertainty
		Emerging Risk and Uncertainty
		Differentiating Risk and Resilience for Addressing Emerging Risks
	Engineering for Resilience
		Design Philosophies
		Economics of Resilience
	Conclusion
	References
14. Where Are We? Why Community-Wide Benchmarking Is Important
	Introduction
	Difficulty of Assessing Community Resilience
	Design Principles for Approaches to Assess Community Resilience
	Defining Community Resilience
	Resilient to What?
	Parsing the Community
	Community Resilience Benchmarks Built on Strong Fundamentals
	Benchmarking Today, Actions to Improve
	Conclusion
	References
15. How Philanthropy Is Transforming Resilience Theory Into Practical Applications at the Local Level
	WORKING TO TRANSFORM THE FIELD OF DISASTER PHILANTHROPY
	CENTER FOR DISASTER PHILANTHROPY, MIDWEST EARLY RECOVERY FUND
		Tulsa County, Oklahoma
		Rural Nebraska
		The Northern Plains Indian Reservations
	RESILIENCY PROJECTS IN TEXAS—CDP HURRICANE HARVEY RECOVERY FUND
	MOVING FROM REACTIVE TO RESILIENT IN LOUISIANA
	THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION ADOPTS CONCEPT OF RESILIENCE
	THE RESILIENT COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT
		100 Resilient Cities
		Rebuild by Design
		The Philanthropic Preparedness, Resiliency, and Emergency Partnership
	CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES
16. A Vision for Resilient Infrastructure
	A NEW POLICY APPROACH
	A NEW RESILIENCE ECONOMY AND SUPPORTING WORKFORCE
	NEW TOOLS
	CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
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	L
	M
	N
	O
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	Q
	R
	S
	T
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