Optimization, Learning Algorithms and Applications: Second International Conference, OL2A 2022, Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, October 24-25, 2022, ... in Computer and Information Science, 1754)

Preface
Organization
Contents
Machine and Deep Learning
Techniques to Reject Atypical Patterns
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Deep Learning Methods
		3.2 Machine Learning Methods
	4 Evaluation
		4.1 Best Autoencoder Selection
		4.2 CNN Threshold Determination
		4.3 Machine Learning Methods
	5 Tests and Results
		5.1 Autoencoder Tests
		5.2 CNN Tests
		5.3 Machine Learning Techniques
		5.4 Performance Comparison
	6 Conclusions
	References
Development of a Analog Acquisition and Conditioning Circuit of Surface Electromyogram and Electrocardiogram Signals
	1 Introduction
	2 System Architecture and Development
		2.1 Signal Acquisition and Amplification
		2.2 Filtering
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion and Further Work
	References
Sensor Architecture Model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Dedicated to Electrical Tower Inspections
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Characterization of Sensors in a Controlled Environment
		3.2 Characterization of Sensors in an External Environment
		3.3 Multirotor UAV Prototype
		3.4 Model of Sensor Architecture
	4 Results
		4.1 Result of the Characteristics of the Sensors in a Controlled Environment
		4.2 Sensory Results in External Environment
		4.3 Sensor Achitecture for the UAV Prototype
		4.4 Comparison of Simulated Data to Actual Data
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Is Diabetic Retinopathy Grading Biased by Imbalanced Datasets?
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Proposed Method
		3.1 Diabetic Retinopathy Dataset
		3.2 Image Preprocessing
		3.3 Deep Learning Architectures
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Attention Mechanism for Classification of Melanomas
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Method
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Triplet Attention
		3.3 Model Setup
	4 Results
	5 Discussion and Future Work
	6 Conclusion
	References
Volume Estimation of an Indoor Space with LiDAR Scanner
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 Acquisition System
	4 Simulation Environment
		4.1 Simulation Structure
		4.2 System Architecture
	5 Data Collection
		5.1 Scene Construction
	6 Data Processing
		6.1 Coordinate Transformation
	7 Volume Estimation
		7.1 Voxelization
		7.2 Volume Calculation
	8 Results
		8.1 Sensor Position
		8.2 Volume Estimation
	9 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Management of Virtual Environments with Emphasis on Security
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Tsung Tool
	4 System Model
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Rule Based Procedural Content Generation System
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Design of PCG Algorithm
		3.1 Elements Identification
		3.2 Architecture/Design/Model
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Hybrid Approach to Operational Planning in Home Health Care
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Optimization Approaches for Operational Planning
		3.1 Mixed Integer Linear Programming Approach
		3.2 Genetic Algorithm Approach
		3.3 Hybrid Approach
	4 Test Instances
	5 Numerical Results
		5.1 MILP Results
		5.2 GA Results
		5.3 Discussion
		5.4 Hybrid Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Multi VLAN Visualization in Network Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 NetGlance
	4 Implementation Details
		4.1 User Interface
		4.2 Use Cases
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Review of Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment Methods for Serious Games
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment
	4 DDA on Rehabilitation Games
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Anxiety Monitoring System: A Preliminary Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Anxiety Monitoring System
		3.1 Acquisition Step
		3.2 Normalization Step
		3.3 Machine Learning Classifier Step
		3.4 Output Step
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Limitations and Future Work
	6 Conclusion
	References
Optimization
Statistical Analysis of Voice Parameters in Healthy Subjects and with Vocal Pathologies - HNR
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Database
		2.2 Pathologies Used in the Database
		2.3 HNR Parameter
		2.4 Descriptive Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Gender Comparison
		3.2 Vowel and Tone Comparison
		3.3 Control and Pathological Comparison
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Integrated Feature Selection and Classification Algorithm in the Prediction of Work-Related Accidents in the Retail Sector: A Comparative Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Feature Selection
		2.2 Predictive Algorithms
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Database
		3.2 Database Pre-processing
	4 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Traffic Light Optimization of an Intersection: A Portuguese Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study Description
	3 Data Preparation
	4 Network System Configuration
	5 Computational Results
		5.1 Implementation Details
		5.2 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Combined Optimization and Regression Machine Learning for Solar Irradiation and Wind Speed Forecasting
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Pre-processing
		2.1 Data Cleaning
		2.2 Data Correlation
	3 Machine Learning
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Optimized Models for Solar Irradiation Forecasting
		4.2 Optimizable Models for Wind Speed Forecasting
		4.3 Comparison of Manual and Optimized Tuning of Hyperparameters
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
An Improved Multi-Threaded Implementation of the MCSFilter Optimization Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 The MCSFilter Optimization Method
	3 Parallel Approach
		3.1 First Version (ParMCSFilter1)
		3.2 Second Version (ParMCSFilter2)
	4 Computational Experiments
		4.1 Benchmark Problems
		4.2 Experimental Conditions
		4.3 Solvers Comparison
		4.4 Performance of the New Solver with Demanding Problems
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Integer Programming Applied to Wireless Sensor Networks Topology Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Problem Statement
	4 Mathematical Modeling of Sensor Allocation Problem
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Solver and Model Configuration
		5.2 Network and Solution Illustration
		5.3 Computational Experiments, Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Two Clustering Methods for Measuring Plantar Temperature Changes in Thermal Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Clustering
		2.2 k-Means Clustering
		2.3 Spectral Clustering
		2.4 Cluster Temperature Indexes
		2.5 Classification and Performance Evaluation
	3 Results
		3.1 k-Means Clustering
		3.2 Spectral Clustering
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Multi-objective Approach for the Menu Planning Problem: A Brazilian Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Problem Definition
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Genetic Algorithms
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Artificial Intelligence
Stock-Pred: The LSTM Prophet of the Stock Market
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data
		3.2 LSTM
		3.3 Neural Architecture Search
		3.4 Network Evaluation
	4 Experiments and Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions and Further Works
	References
Confidence-Based Algorithm Parameter Tuning with Dynamic Resampling
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Problem Definition
	4 Proposed Algorithm
		4.1 Confidence-Based Comparison
		4.2 Parameter Values
	5 Selected Algorithms
	6 Numerical Experiments
	7 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Classification of Leftovers from the Stock Cutting Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Dataset Generation
		2.2 Machine Learning Methods
		2.3 Classifiers Performance Evaluation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Active GA Accelerated by Simulated Annealing to Solve SPP in Packet Networks
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Related Works
	2 Problem Description
		2.1 Shortest Path Optimization Modeling
	3 Meta-heuristics Addressed
		3.1 The Proposed Genetic Algorithm with Dijkstra Mutation
		3.2 Standard Simulated Annealing
		3.3 Active Genetic Algorithm Accelerated by Simulated Annealing
	4 Methodology and Simulation
	5 Experiments and Results
		5.1 Grid Network Topology – Simulation Results
		5.2 Fully Randomized Network Topology – Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Long-Term Person Reidentification: Challenges and Outlook
	1 Introduction
	2 The Long-Term Reidentification Problem
	3 Datasets
	4 Related Works
		4.1 Face Recognition
		4.2 Long-Term Person Recognition
	5 Long Term Identification Using Faces
		5.1 Face Detection
		5.2 Face Feature Extraction
	6 Final Remarks
	References
Sentiment Analysis Applied to IBOVESPA Prediction
	1 Introduction
	2 Contextualization
		2.1 Artificial Neural Networks
		2.2 Sentiment Analysis
	3 Related Work
	4 Sentiment Analysis Adaptation
	5 Data Acquisition
	6 Experimental Results
		6.1 Exploratory Analysis of Topologies
		6.2 Principal Components Analysis
		6.3 Sentiment Analysis Approach
	7 Conclusion
	References
F0, LPC, and MFCC Analysis for Emotion Recognition Based on Speech
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Art
	3 Speech Signal and Databases
		3.1 Databases
		3.2 Features
		3.3 Acoustic Features in Speech Emotions
		3.4 How to Create a Database to Study Emotional State
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Cross Validation ``Leave-One-Out\'\'
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Solanum lycopersicum - Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 Interaction Study Using ML Classifiers in Transcriptomic Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Dataset Collection
		2.2 Experimental Procedures
		2.3 Parameters Tunning
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Datasets Analysis
		3.2 Classifiers Results
		3.3 Functional Enrichment Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Smart Data Driven System for Pathological Voices Classification
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 Materials and Method
		3.1 Database
		3.2 Speech Parameters
		3.3 Feature Extraction Process
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Gene Expression Analysis of Solanum lycopersicum - Bacillus megaterium Interaction to Identify Informative Genes Using Machine Learning Classifiers
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Dataset Collection
		2.2 Experimental Procedures
		2.3 Parameters Tunning
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Literature Information of Highest Score Attributes
		3.2 Biological Pathways of Tomato - Bacillus Interaction
		3.3 Biological Networks Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Kernel Clustering Algorithm Based on Diameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Cluster Analysis
	3 Kernel Clustering Diameter-Based Algorithm
		3.1 Assign Points to Clusters
		3.2 Merge Two Clusters
		3.3 Split a Cluster
	4 Computational Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Forecasting Omicron Variant of Covid-19 with ANN Model in European Countries – Number of Cases, Deaths, and ICU Patients
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data Collection Source
		2.2 Data Processing
		2.3 N Approach Methodology
		2.4 Error Measurement
	3 Results
		3.1 Prediction Model
		3.2 Analyses of New Predictions
		3.3 Comparison of Two Forecasting Databases
	4 Conclusions
	References
Anomaly Detection Using Smart Shirt and Machine Learning: A Systematic Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Smart Textile
		2.2 Machine Learning
		2.3 Anomaly Detection
	3 Research Method
		3.1 Research Questions
		3.2 Search Strategy
		3.3 Study Selection
		3.4 Quality Assessment Rules
		3.5 Data Extraction and Data Synthesis
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Description of Primary Studies
		4.2 RQ1: What Anomalies Were Identified in Smart Shirt?
		4.3 RQ2: Which ML Techniques Have Been Used for Anomaly Detection in Smart Shirts?
		4.4 RQ3: What Kind of Empirical Validation for Anomaly Detection in Smart Shirts Is Found Using the ML Techniques Found in RQ1?
		4.5 RQ4: What is the Overall Performance of the ML Techniques for Anomaly Detection in Smart Shirts?
		4.6 RQ5: What Types of ML Algorithms Are Being Applied in Anomaly Detection in Smart Shirts?
	5 Conclusion
	References
Decision Making System to Support the Cost of Ordered Products in the Budget Stage
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Cost Estimation
		2.2 Cost-Generating Characteristics in Products
		2.3 Budgeting Methods
		2.4 Regression Models for Costs
	3 Data and Models
		3.1 Data
		3.2 Multiple Linear Regression Model
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Obtaining the MLR Models
		4.2 Validation
		4.3 Results of the MLR Models
		4.4 Final Models
		4.5 Critical Costs Calculation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimization in Control Systems Design
Analysis of Topological Characteristics Impacting the Allocation of Controllers in an SD-WAN Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Metodology
	4 Results
		4.1 POCO
		4.2 Controllers\' Classification
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
A Hybrid Approach GABC-LS to Solve mTSP
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem
		3.1 Problem Definition
	4 Description of Algorithms
		4.1 The Genetic Algorithm
		4.2 Artificial Bee Colony
		4.3 The 2-Opt Algorithm
		4.4 The Move1-Within Algorithm
	5 The Proposed Approach
	6 Computational Results
		6.1 Parameter Settings
	7 Conclusion
	References
On the Complexity of a Linear Programming Predictor-Corrector Algorithm Using the Two Norm Neighborhood
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Complexity Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Modelling and Control of a Retrofitted Oven for SMD Reflow
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 System Modelling
		3.1 Measured System Step Response
		3.2 Genetic Algorithm Based Modelling
		3.3 First-Order Transfer Function
		3.4 Second-Order Transfer Function
	4 Digital Controller Design
		4.1 The Smith Predictor
	5 Conclusions and Further Work
	References
Measurements with the Internet of Things
Investigation of the Partial Discharges in the High Voltage Measurement Transformers
	1 Introduction
	2 Scheme of Investigation
	3 Application of the UHF Method for Registration of the Electromagnetic Waves Radiation of High-Voltage Transformers
		3.1 Measurement Principle
		3.2 Advantages of the Selected Measurement Method
		3.3 Disadvantages of the Selected Measurement Method
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Smart Systems for Monitoring Buildings - An IoT Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Definition of Smart Building
		2.2 Monitoring Systems
		2.3 Internet of Things
		2.4 Wireless Sensors Network
	3 System Description
	4 Development and Results
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Map Coverage of LoRaWAN Signal\'s Employing GPS from Mobile Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 System Architecture
		3.1 SAFe
		3.2 Overview LoRa Tracker
	4 Mapping
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Node Assembly for Waste Level Measurement: Embrace the Smart City
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Literature and Technical Information
		2.1 Municipal Solid Waste: European and Portuguese Panorama
		2.2 Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems in Smart Cities
		2.3 Arduino
		2.4 Ultrasonic Sensor
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Sets Assembly
		3.2 Temperature Test
		3.3 Distance Measurements
	4 Results
		4.1 Temperature Test
		4.2 Distance Test
		4.3 Cost-efficiency Analysis
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Trends in Engineering Education
Data Analysis Techniques Applied to the MathE Database
	1 Introduction
	2 The MathE Platform
	3 Methodology
	4 Description of the MathE Data
	5 Data Analysis
		5.1 General Database Analysis
		5.2 Students Assessment per Country
		5.3 Portuguese, Lithuanian and Italian Students Assessment on Basic Questions
	6 Conclusions
	References
Evolution of Soft Skills for Engineering Education in the Digital Era
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Industry 4.0 and 5.0
	4 Evolution of Education Towards the Digital Era
	5 Conclusion
	References
Communication in Educational Robots: From Coordination to IoT Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Contextualizing the Multirobotics Systems
	3 Communication and Coordination in Educational Robotics
	4 Experiments in Simple Robot Coordination
		4.1 A Low-Cost Robot for Educational Proposes
		4.2 Publish/Subscribe Communication Protocol
		4.3 Description of the Experiments
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Educational Testbed in the Context of Industry 4.0 and 5.0: Literature Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Industry 4.0 and 5.0 and Education 4.0 and 5.0
		3.2 Educational Testbeds
	4 Conclusion
	References
Advances and Optimization in Cyber-Physical Systems
Adaptive Environment System to Manage Comfort Preferences and Conflicts
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Assumptions
		2.2 Framework Jason
	3 Results
		3.1 Multi-agent System Architecture
		3.2 Multi-agent System Schema
		3.3 Conflicts Management
	4 Base Architecture
	5 Multi-agent System - Validation and Statistical Analysis
	6 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Asynchronous and Distributed Multi-agent Systems: An Approach Using Actor Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Model
		2.1 L2L Architecture
		2.2 The Actor Model
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Model Scalability
		3.2 Model Validity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Stock Management Improvement in a Nursing Ward Using Lean Approach and Mathematical Modelling
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods: PDCA Cycle
		2.1 Plan Phase
		2.2 Do Phase
	3 Checking Results
	4 Conclusions and Limitations
	References
Monitoring Electrical and Operational Parameters of a Stamping Machine for Failure Prediction
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin Condition Monitoring System Architecture
		2.1 Description of the Case Study
		2.2 System Architecture
	3 Deployment of the Digital Twin Based Condition Monitoring
		3.1 Data Collection, Fusion and Storage
		3.2 Visualization and Monitoring
	4 Prediction of Failures
		4.1 Clustering Technique Applied to Oil Alarms
		4.2 Forecasting the Current Intensity
	5 Conclusions
	References
Computer Vision Based on Learning Algorithms
Super-Resolution Face Recognition: An Approach Using Generative Adversarial Networks and Joint-Learn
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Approach
		3.1 Loss Functions
	4 Experiments & Results
		4.1 Accuracy Metrics
		4.2 Preprocessing
		4.3 Training
	5 Conclusion
	References
Image Processing of Petri Dishes for Counting Microorganisms
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Acquisition of Images
		3.2 Samples
	4 Proposed Algorithm
		4.1 Image Processing
		4.2 Validation
	5 Experimental Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
Caenorhabditis Elegans Detection Using YOLOv5 and Faster R-CNN Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 C. elegans Strains and Culture Conditions
		2.2 Image Capture Method
		2.3 Dataset Generation and Labeling
		2.4 Detection Method
		2.5 Training and Evaluation Method
		2.6 Evaluation Methods (Metrics)
	3 Experimental Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Object Detection for Indoor Localization System
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
		2.1 Applications of Object Detection in Mobile Robots
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Robot Architecture
		3.2 YOLO
		3.3 LiDAR
	4 Prototype Validation
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Classification of Facial Expressions Under Partial Occlusion for VR Games
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Machine Learning to Identify Olive-Tree Cultivars
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Method and Materials
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Classification Models
		3.3 Evaluation Metrics
		3.4 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Decision Tree
		4.2 SVM
		4.3 Random Forest
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Author Index