Optical Design of Microscopes (SPIE Tutorial Text Vol. TT88) (SPIE Tutorial Texts)

 Content: Preface --
 Chapter 1. Optical design concepts. --
 1.1. A value proposition --
 1.2. Specimen model --
 1.3. Detector parameters --
 1.4. Numerical aperture --
 1.5. Wave propagation --
 1.6. Geometric aberrations --
 1.7. Image contrast --
 1.8. Manufacturing --
 1.9. Assembly --
 Chapter 2. Basic microscope concepts --
 2.1. Magnification --
 2.2. Accommodation --
 2.3. Finite tube length --
 2.4. Infinity-corrected objective --
 2.5. Tube lens --
 2.6. Ocular lens --
 2.7. Refractive objects --
 2.8. Diffractive objects --
 2.9. Dark field --
 Chapter 3. Basic geometric optics --
 3.1. Ray tracing --
 3.2. Cardinal points --
 3.3. Stops --
 3.4. Gaussian lens formula --
 3.5. Image types --
 3.6. Optical power --
 3.7. Paraxial optics --
 3.8. Relay lens --
 3.9. Magnifier --
 Chapter 4. Aberrations. --
 4.1. Seidel aberrations --
 4.2. Chromatic aberrations --
 4.3. Other aberrations --
 4.4. Aspheric surfaces --
 Chapter 5. Basic physical optics --
 5.1. Importance of physical optics --
 5.2. Wave equation --
 5.3. Refractive index --
 5.4. Dispersion --
 5.5. Refraction and reflection --
 5.6. Emission --
 5.7. Absorption --
 5.8. Evanescent field --
 5.9. Space-angle product --
 5.10. Coherence --
 5.11. Airy pattern --
 5.12. Gaussian beam propagation --
 5.13. Transfer functions --
 5.14. Gaussian estimate of airy pattern --
 5.15. Scatter --
 5.16. Interference filters --
 Chapter 6. Fluorescence --
 6.1. Absorption Parameters --
 6.2. Electron States --
 6.3. Energy Diagrams --
 6.4. Fluorophores. Chapter 7. Optical design metrics --
 7.1. CAD tools --
 7.2. Wavefront error --
 7.3. Ray-intercept plot --
 7.4. Spot diagram --
 7.5. Point-spread plot --
 7.6. Encircled-energy plot --
 7.7. Modulation transfer function --
 7.8. Edge spread --
 7.9. Lens report --
 7.10. Relative illumination --
 7.11. Surface-form error --
 7.12. Manufacturing standards --
 Chapter 8. Image contrast --
 8.1. Radiometry --
 8.2. Expression of contrast --
 8.3. Shot noise --
 8.4. Emittance patterns --
 8.5. Angular collection efficiency --
 8.6. Spatial collection efficiency --
 8.7. Full-pixel contrast --
 8.8. Subpixel contrast --
 8.9. Point-source contrast --
 8.10. Full-pixel airy contrast --
 Chapter 9. microlens formats --
 9.1. 10XR double Gauss --
 9.2. 10XR microlens --
 9.3. 2XR microlens --
 9.4. 1X microlens --
 9.5. 2XR telecentric spectroscopy lens --
 Chapter 10. Illumination systems --
 10.1. Condenser --
 10.2. Abbe illumination --
 10.3. Nelson illumination --
 10.4. Diffusers --
 10.5. Köhler illumination --
 10.6. Matched stops --
 10.7. Light-emitting diodes --
 10.8. Aspheric plus singlet relay --
 10.9. Achromatic aspheric plus doublet relay --
 10.10. Abbe condenser --
 10.11. Abbe aspheric --
 10.12. Total internal reflection fluorescence illumination --
 Chapter 11. Cover strata --
 11.1. Importance of specimen tolerance --
 11.2. Perfect 10X for air --
 11.3. 10X objective with cover glass in place of air --
 11.4. 10X objective with microscope slide in place of air --
 11.5. 40X objective with silica cover in place of glass --
 11.6. 40X objective with tilted cover glass --
 11.7. 60X objective with silica cover in place of glass --
 11.8. Strehl ratio versus optical path length. Chapter 12. Objective lenses --
 12.1. Formats --
 12.2. Aplanatic surface --
 12.3. 10X Plan achromat --
 12.4. 40X Fluor --
 12.5. 60X Immersion TIRF --
 12.6. 100X Aplanat --
 12.7. 10X Schwarzschild --
 12.8. 20X Internal parabola --
 Chapter 13. Tube elements --
 13.1. Doublet tube lens --
 13.2. Doublet-pair tube lens --
 13.3. Filter types --
 13.4. Filter within a finite conjugate distance --
 13.5. Warped filter within an infinity correction --
 Chapter 14. Ocular lenses --
 14.1. Eyepiece --
 14.2. Pupils --
 14.3. Kellner ocular --
 14.4. Plössl ocular --
 14.5. Erfle ocular --
 Chapter 15. Sensors --
 15.1. CCD sensors --
 15.2. Active pixel sensors --
 15.3. Photomultiplier tubes --
 15.4. Film --
 Chapter 16. Human vision --
 16.1. Physiology --
 16.2. Contrast sensitivity function --
 16.3. Point spread of a lens --
 16.4. Lateral inhibition of the retina --
 16.5. Temporal feedback of photoreceptors --
 16.6. Saccation point spread --
 16.7. Vision research --
 16.8. Temporal contrast sensitivity function. Chapter 17. Optical materials --
 17.1. Glass types --
 17.2. Glass map --
 17.3. Fluorite --
 17.4. Short flint --
 17.5. Anomalous dispersion --
 17.6. Sellmeier formula --
 17.7. Environmentally safe glass --
 17.8. Glass code --
 17.9. Spectral lines --
 17.10. Cost of optics --
 17.11. Structural materials --
 Chapter 18. Composition and spectra of materials --
 18.1. Glass structure --
 18.2. Crown --
 18.3. Flint --
 18.4. Long crown --
 18.5. Short flint --
 18.6. Short-flint special --
 18.7. Environmentally safe short flint --
 18.8. Dense Flint --
 Chapter 19. Advanced concepts --
 19.1. Wave equation --
 19.2. Refractive index --
 19.3. Relative partial dispersion --
 19.4. Emission --
 19.5. Coherence --
 19.6. Gaussian beam power --
 19.7. Transfer functions --
 19.8. Scatter --
 19.9. Interference filters --
 19.10. Shot noise --
 Appendix: Prescriptions --
 Works consulted --
 Recommended reading --
 References --
 Index.
 Abstract:             
              Considerable expertise is required for the evaluation, design, and manufacture of microscopes. This provides a foundation for developing design expertise through education, practice, and exploration. It is suitable for lens designers, optical engineers, and students with a basic knowledge of microscope structure.                 Read more...