Opportunistic Networks: Concepts and Systems

Preface
With Contribution By
Contents
Acronyms
Part I Foundations of Opportunistic Networks
	1 Mobility of Opportunistic Networks
		1.1 Scale and Density
		1.2 Collecting Mobility Traces
		1.3 From Mobility Traces to Location Information
		1.4 From Mobility Traces to Contact Information
			1.4.1 Converting GPS Traces Into Contact Traces
			1.4.2 Direct Gathering of Contact Traces
		1.5 Mobility Metrics
		1.6 Large-Scale Mobility Characteristics in OppNets
		1.7 Impact of Mobility on Opportunistic Networks
		1.8 Chapter Summary
		Problems
	2 Data Dissemination in Opportunistic Networks
		2.1 Terms and Metrics
		2.2 Optimal Dissemination
		2.3 Flooding Protocols
			2.3.1 Epidemic Routing
			2.3.2 Spray and Wait
			2.3.3 Optimal Stopping Theory
		2.4 Mobility Based Protocols
			2.4.1 Geocasting Protocols
			2.4.2 Speed/Direction Based Protocols
			2.4.3 Encounter Based Protocols
		2.5 Social Awareness Based Protocols
		2.6 Data Content Based Protocols
		2.7 Network Coding Based Protocols
		2.8 Caching in Opportunistic Networks
		2.9 Chapter Summary
		Problems
	3 Security in Opportunistic Networks
		3.1 Overview
		3.2 Types of Attacks
			3.2.1 Masquerade
			3.2.2 Eavesdropping
			3.2.3 Sabotage
			3.2.4 Data Manipulation
			3.2.5 Physical Attacks
			3.2.6 Free-Riding
		3.3 Attacks Evaluation
			3.3.1 Evaluation Methodology and Setup
			3.3.2 Effects of the Attacks
		3.4 Chapter Summary
		Problems
Part II Evaluation of Opportunistic Networks
	4 Overview of Evaluation of Opportunistic Networks
		4.1 Overview
		4.2 Methods for Evaluating Opportunistic Networks
		4.3 Metrics for Evaluating Opportunistic Networks
		4.4 Chapter Summary
		Problems
	5 Theoretical Models for Opportunistic Networks
		5.1 General Assumptions and Their Validity
		5.2 Markov Chain Models
			5.2.1 Modeling Epidemic Diffusion in OppNet
			5.2.2 Limitations and Applications of Markov Chain Models
		5.3 Compartmental Models
			5.3.1 Basic Epidemic Model
			5.3.2 Epidemic Model for an Open Area
			5.3.3 Limitations and Applications of CompartmentalModels
		5.4 Other Methods
		5.5 Chapter Summary
		Problems
	6 Simulation Models for Opportunistic Networks
		6.1 Simulation Model Stack for Opportunistic Networks
		6.2 Application Models
		6.3 Link Abstraction
			6.3.1 Communication Range
			6.3.2 Bandwidth and Delay
			6.3.3 Interference
		6.4 Mobility Models and Contact Traces
			6.4.1 Terminology
			6.4.2 Properties of Mobility Models
				A. Identifying the Points of Interest
				B. Selecting the Next PoI
				C. Moving Between the PoIs
				D. Pausing in PoIs
			6.4.3 Contact Traces
			6.4.4 Discussion of Mobility Models
		6.5 Simulation Speedup
		6.6 Chapter Summary
		Problems
	7 Simulation Tools for Opportunistic Networks
		7.1 Discrete Event-Based Simulation
		7.2 OMNeT++ and the Opportunistic Network Simulator (OPS)
		7.3 The ONE
		7.4 Network Simulator 3 (ns-3)
		7.5 Comparison of Simulators
		7.6 Mobility Tools
		7.7 Chapter Summary
		Problems
	8 Benchmarking Opportunistic Networks
		8.1 Benchmarks for OppNets
		8.2 Metrics for Comparing Opportunistic Protocols
		8.3 Comparing Opportunistic Protocols
		8.4 Chapter Summary
		Problems
Part III Implementation of Opportunistic Networks
	9 Connectivity Technologies for Opportunistic Networks
		9.1 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
		9.2 Communication Technologies
			9.2.1 LoRa
			9.2.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
			9.2.3 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
			9.2.4 Wi-Fi Direct
			9.2.5  ZigBee
			9.2.6 802.11p
			9.2.7 Satellite Communication
		9.3 Toward 5G and 6G Networks
		9.4 Related Software and Libraries
			9.4.1 Exposure Notifications System (ENS)
			9.4.2 Apple Multipeer Connectivity
			9.4.3 IBR-DTN
			9.4.4 ION DTN
			9.4.5 Bridgefy
			9.4.6 Briar, Secure Messaging, Anywhere
			9.4.7 Serval Project
			9.4.8 Titan HST
		9.5 Chapter Summary
		Problems
	10 Device Characterization for Opportunistic Networks
		10.1 Power Availability
		10.2 Cache Restrictions
		10.3 Processing Requirements
		10.4 Chapter Summary
		Problems
	11 Application Case Studies for Opportunistic Networks
		11.1 Disaster Management
			11.1.1 General Network Architecture
			11.1.2 Notifications and Alarms
			11.1.3 Situational Awareness, Exploration and Mapping
			11.1.4 Application Examples for Disaster Scenarios
		11.2 Communication in Remote Areas
		11.3 Challenged Internet of Things
			11.3.1 Underwater Environments
			11.3.2 Environmental and Agricultural Monitoring
			11.3.3 Monitoring Animal Movements
		11.4 Sparse Vehicle Communications
			11.4.1 Nautical Communication
			11.4.2 Train-to-Train Communication
			11.4.3 Airplane-to-Airplane Communication
			11.4.4 Space Vehicles
			11.4.5 Logistics and Parcel Monitoring
		11.5 Smart City
			11.5.1 General Sensor Data Collection
			11.5.2 Vehicular Networks
			11.5.3 Smart Grids
			11.5.4 Group Monitoring
			11.5.5 Node Counting
			11.5.6 Messaging and Advertisement Services
		11.6 Digital Contact Tracing
		11.7 Discussion and Summary
		Problems
	12 Conclusions
		12.1 Conclusions
		12.2 Future Work
References
Index