Opportunistic Intracellular Bacteria and Immunity

Contents......Page 14
Introduction and Perspectives......Page 24
1. HOST INVASION BY INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA......Page 28
2.1. Inflammatory Response......Page 30
2.3. Mononuclear Phagocytes......Page 32
2.4. Genetic Control of Nonspecific Resistance......Page 33
3.2. T-Cell Traffic......Page 34
3.3. T-Cell Subsets......Page 36
3.5. Role of the MHC in the Genetic Control of Resistance to Intracellular Bacteria......Page 40
3.6. Role of Antibodies......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 44
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PATHOGEN......Page 45
3. RECOGNIZED HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS......Page 46
4. OVERVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION......Page 47
5.1. Ity......Page 48
5.2. Lps......Page 51
5.3. NF-IL-6......Page 53
5.4. xid......Page 54
5.5. nu......Page 56
5.6. H2......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 64
2.1. Primary Infection......Page 65
2.2. Reactivation of Infection......Page 66
2.3. Infection in Immunosuppressed Individuals......Page 67
3.1. Monocytes and Macrophages......Page 68
3.2. T Lymphocytes......Page 73
4. IN VIVO HOST RESISTANCE TO M. TUBERCULOSIS......Page 74
4.1. Animal Models of Tuberculosis......Page 75
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 82
2. THE MODE OF ACTION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS......Page 83
2.1. Interaction of GCs with Other Agonists......Page 84
2.2. The Diurnal Rhythm of Cortisol Production and T-Cell Function......Page 85
3. REGULATION OF TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS OF CORTISOL......Page 86
4. DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AS AN ANTIGLUCOCORTICOID......Page 87
4.2. DHEA and Immune Response in Rodents......Page 88
4.3. Abnormalities of DHEAS Production and Metabolism in Tuberculosis......Page 89
5.1. Modulation of the Effects of GCs on Macrophages by MIF......Page 90
5.3. GCs, Macrophages, MIF, and Tuberculosis......Page 91
6. MODULATION OF T-CELL FUNCTION BY GLUCOCORTICOIDS......Page 92
6.1. T-Cell Function in Tuberculosis; Possible Effects of GCs......Page 93
7.1. Changes in Adrenal Size and the Th1/Th2 Balance......Page 94
7.2. Changes in Adrenal Size and the Toxicity of Cytokines......Page 95
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 97
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 102
2.1. Indeterminant Leprosy......Page 103
2.2. Lepromatous Leprosy......Page 104
2.4. Borderline Leprosy......Page 105
2.5. Reactions......Page 106
3. PREDISPOSITION TO LEPROSY AND LOCAL IMMUNOREGULATION......Page 107
4.2. Defective Macrophage Function......Page 108
5.1. Immunocompetent Animals......Page 109
6. LEPROSY IN IMMUNOSUPPRESSED HUMAN DISEASES......Page 110
7. LEPROSY AND HIV COINFECTION......Page 111
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
1. TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY......Page 118
2. PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY TO MYCOBACTERIA IS DEPENDENT ON CD4+ Th1, CD8+ T CELLS, AND TYPE 1 CYTOKINES......Page 119
4. T-CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY IN MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS......Page 121
5. ROLE OF SCHWANN CELLS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL TYPE I LEPROSY NERVE REACTIONS......Page 123
6. PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL Th1 CELL ACTIVITY......Page 124
7. CYTOKINE-BASED ENHANCEMENT OF Th1 CELL RESPONSIVENESS IN MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 128
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 134
2. M. AVIUM-COMPLEX INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT INDIVIDUALS......Page 138
3. M. AVIUM-COMPLEX INFECTIONS AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY......Page 142
4. M. AVIUM-COMPLEX INFECTIONS IN HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS......Page 145
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 150
6. SUMMARY......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 158
2. NATURAL AND MAMMALIAN HOSTS......Page 159
3. ANTIGENS......Page 162
4.1. Attachment and Invasion......Page 163
4.2. Subversion of Organelle Trafficking......Page 165
4.3. Stage-Specific Gene Expression......Page 167
4.4. Late Intracellular Events and Development of Infectious Forms......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 170
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 176
2.1. Antibodies......Page 177
2.2. Cellular Immunity......Page 178
3.1. Antibodies......Page 180
3.2. Cellular Immunity......Page 181
4.1. Acute Phase Cytokines......Page 183
4.2. Immune Cytokines......Page 186
5. CONCLUSION......Page 187
REFERENCES......Page 188
1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS......Page 194
2. PATHOGENIC PROCESSES DRIVEN BY INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND THE POSITION OF L. MONOCYTOGENES......Page 195
3.1. L. monocytogenes and Host Molecules Used at the Step of Tissue/Cell Invasion......Page 196
4. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: ITS CONSTITUTIVE AND INDUCIBLE ELEMENTS AND THE PROCESSES OF ITS REACTIVITY......Page 197
5. THE KNOWN AND HYPOTHETICAL INFECTIOUS/PATHOGENIC PROCESSES DRIVEN BY L. MONOCYTOGENES: THEIR GENERAL AND UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS......Page 198
6.2. The Analysis of Virulence and Pathogenicity Processes in Experimental Systems: Readout Assays......Page 199
6.5. New Tools and Reagents for Properly Addressing the Tissue-Dependent Pathogenic Processes Driven by L. monocytogenes in Mice......Page 200
7.1. The Blood-Filtering Tissues: Their Unique Features in Steady-State Conditions......Page 202
7.2. L. monocytogenes within Blood-Filtering Tissues: The Transient Pathogenic Processes Driven in the Spleen and Liver and their Connection with the Immune System Reactivity......Page 204
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS, PERSPECTIVES......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 212
2. TAXONOMY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND INFECTION......Page 213
3. BACTERIAL VIRULENCE DETERMINANTS......Page 214
4. CELL BIOLOGY......Page 219
5. IMMUNITY......Page 221
6. FUTURE STUDIES......Page 223
REFERENCES......Page 224
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 228
3. THE GENUS BARTONELLA AND DISEASE......Page 229
4.1. Bacillary Angiomatosis......Page 230
4.2. Bacillary Peliosis......Page 233
4.3. Bacteremia......Page 234
4.4. Endocarditis......Page 235
4.5. Central Nervous System Involvement......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 237
1. THE ORGANISM......Page 240
2. REPLICATION......Page 241
3. ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION......Page 242
4.1. Genital Tract Infections......Page 243
5. PATHOGENESIS......Page 244
6. IMMUNITY......Page 246
7.1. Antibody Responses......Page 248
8. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 249
9. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNIZATION......Page 251
10. SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 252
11. COMMENTARY......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 255
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 260
3. PSITTACOSIS......Page 261
3.3. Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 262
4.1. Epidemiology......Page 263
4.4. Host Immune Response to C. trachomatis Pneumonia......Page 264
5. C. PNEUMONIAE PNEUMONIA......Page 266
5.2. Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms......Page 270
5.3. Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 271
6. CONCLUSION......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 274
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 282
2. ZOONOTIC NATURE OF THE INFECTION AND CLINICAL SYMPTOMS......Page 283
3. SURVIVAL OF BRUCELLAE IN MACROPHAGES......Page 284
4. BRUCELLA COMPONENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SURVIVAL IN MACROPHAGES......Page 285
4.1. Defenses against Reactive Oxygen Intermediate (ROI)-Mediated Killing......Page 286
4.3. Resistance to Nutrient Deprivation......Page 290
4.5. Generalized Resistance to a Variety of Environmental Stresses......Page 291
5.1. Role of IFN-γ......Page 293
5.2. Th1 vs. Th2 Responses......Page 294
5.3. Role of IL-12......Page 295
6. FUTURE VACCINES: ANTIGENS AND INDUCTION OF CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 299
1. THE IMPLICATIONS OF INTRACELLULAR HABITAT OF MICROORGANISMS FOR ANTIBIOTIC EFFECTIVENESS......Page 308
2.1. Import......Page 310
3. INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION......Page 313
4. INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION......Page 315
5.1. “Exogenous” Antibiotics......Page 316
5.2. “Endogenous” Antibiotics......Page 317
7. ROLE OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS WITH INTRACELLULAR MICROORGANISMS......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 319
B......Page 322
C......Page 323
F......Page 324
L......Page 325
M......Page 326
P......Page 327
S......Page 328
Y......Page 329