Opioid Food Peptides: Significant Exorphins from Food Sources

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
1: Significant Food-Derived Opioid Peptides
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Basic Structural Properties of Exorphins
	1.3 Major Food-Derived Exorphins
		1.3.1 Casomorphins
		1.3.2 Lactorphins and Lactoferroxins
		1.3.3 Casoxins
		1.3.4 Gluten Exorphins
		1.3.5 Rubiscolins
		1.3.6 Soymorphins
		1.3.7 Oryzatensin
	1.4 Receptors for Food-Derived Exorphins
		1.4.1 μ-Opioid Receptor (MOP)
		1.4.2 δ-Opioid Receptor (DOP)
		1.4.3 κ-Opioid Receptor (KOP)
	1.5 Production of Food-derived Exorphins
		1.5.1 Fermentation
		1.5.2 Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion (SGID)
	1.6 Absorption and Fate of Exorphins
	1.7 Transport to Blood and Across Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
	References
2: Structure and Production of Casomorphins
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Structure of Casomorphins
	2.3 Classification of Casomorphins
		2.3.1 Based on Chain Length
		2.3.2 Based on Milk Source
	2.4 Production of Casomorphins
	2.5 Effect of Milk Processing on Casomorphin Production
	2.6 Opioid Activity of Casomorphins
	References
3: Biological Activities of Casomorphins
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Gut Responses
		3.2.1 Gut Inflammation
		3.2.2 Gut Motility
		3.2.3 Miscellaneous Gut Functions
	3.3 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Heart-Related Attributes
	3.4 Mucus Formation
	3.5 Immunological Role
	3.6 Miscellaneous Activities
	References
4: Lactorphins and Lactoferroxins
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Structure of Lactorphins and Lactoferroxins
		4.2.1 Structure of Lactorphins
		4.2.2 Structure of Lactoferroxins
	4.3 Classification of Lactorphins and Lactoferroxins
	4.4 Opioid Activity of Lactorphins and Lactoferroxins
	4.5 Production of Lactorphins and Lactoferroxins
	4.6 Physiological Effects of Lactorphins and Lactoferroxins
		4.6.1 Cardiovascular Functions
		4.6.2 Miscellaneous Functions
	References
5: Casoxins
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Structure of Casoxins
	5.3 Classification of Casoxins
	5.4 Opioid Activity of Casoxins
	5.5 Production of Casoxins
	5.6 Biological Activities of Casoxins
	References
6: Gluten Exorphins
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Structure of Gluten Exorphins
	6.3 Classification of Gluten Exorphins
	6.4 Opioid Activity of Gluten Exorphins
	6.5 Production of Gluten Exorphins
	6.6 Biological Role of Gluten Exorphins
		6.6.1 Celiac Disease
		6.6.2 Prolactin Secretion
		6.6.3 Behavioral and Pharmacological Effects
		6.6.4 Hormonal and Gastrointestinal Functions
	References
7: Rubiscolins, Soymorphins, and Oryzatensin
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Structure
		7.2.1 Rubiscolins
		7.2.2 Soymorphins
		7.2.3 Oryzatensin
	7.3 Classification
		7.3.1 Rubiscolins 5 and 6
		7.3.2 Soymorphins 5, 6, and 7
		7.3.3 Oryzatensin
	7.4 Opioid Activity
		7.4.1 Rubiscolin
		7.4.2 Soymorphins
		7.4.3 Oryzatensin
	7.5 Production
		7.5.1 Rubiscolins
		7.5.2 Soymorphins
		7.5.3 Oryzatensin
	7.6 Physiological Role
		7.6.1 Rubiscolins
		7.6.2 Soymorphins
		7.6.3 Oryzatensin
	References
8: Analysis of Food-derived Opioid Peptides
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Isolation of Proteins from Food Source
		8.2.1 Isolation of Alpha, Beta, and Kappa Caseins from Cow Milk
		8.2.2 Milk Alpha-lactalbumin and Beta-lactoglobulin
		8.2.3 Milk Lactoferrin
		8.2.4 Wheat Glutenin and Gliadin
		8.2.5 Spinach RuBisCo
		8.2.6 Soy Beta-conglycinin
		8.2.7 Rice Albumin
	8.3 Dialysis of Extracted Proteins
	8.4 Protein Estimation by Folin Lowry Method
	8.5 Purity Analysis by SDS-PAGE
	8.6 Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion
	8.7 Ultrafiltration of Hydrolysates
	8.8 Analysis of Opioid Peptides
		8.8.1 Detection on Analytical HPLC
		8.8.2 Peptide Fraction Collection on Preparative HPLC
		8.8.3 Freeze Lyophilization
		8.8.4 Opioid Activity Determination
		8.8.5 Mass Spectroscopy of Peptide Fractions
		8.8.6 In Silico Approach
		8.8.7 Estimation of Opioid Peptides by ELISA
	References
9: Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	9.1 Structural Features of Food-derived Exorphins
	9.2 Classification of Food-derived Exorphins
	9.3 Opioid Activity of Food-Derived Exorphins
	9.4 Production of Food-Derived Exorphins
	9.5 Biological Activities of Food-Derived Exorphins
	9.6 Overall Conclusions
	9.7 Future Perspectives
	References