On Xi Jinping: How Xi's Marxist Nationalism is Shaping China and the World

Cover
On Xi Jinping
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1. Hiding in Plain Sight: Xi’s Ideological Framework for China’s Future
	How Xi Jinping’s China Is Changing the World
	The Purpose of This Book
	The Core Argument
	Structure of the Book
	Conclusion
2. Defining Core Concepts
	Defining ‘Ideology’
	Defining ‘Worldview’
	Defining ‘Marxism’, ‘Leninism’, and ‘Moving to the Left’
	Defining ‘Nationalism’, ‘Moving to the Right’, and ‘National Assertiveness’
	Conclusion
3. Continuity and Change in Chinese Worldviews: An Historical Survey
	The Impact of the Classical Tradition on Contemporary Chinese Worldviews
	Marxist-​Leninist Worldviews, Mao Zedong, and the CCP
	Mao’s Interpretation of Dialectical and Historical Materialism
	Contradiction, Struggle, and the CCP
	The Impact of Ideology on the Real World of Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy
	Changing Ideological Frameworks in the People’s Republic
	Deng Xiaoping, China’s Revised Worldview, and the Centrality of Economic Development
	Jiang Zemin, the Rise of ‘Market Economics’, the Constitutional Entrenchment of Deng Xiaoping Thought, and Jiang’s Theory of the ‘Three Represents’
	Hu Jintao, the ‘Theory of Scientific Development’, the Beginnings of a New Activism in Chinese International Policy, and a New Military Strategy
	Conclusion
4. Changes to China’s Ideological Worldview under Xi Jinping (2012–​2017)
	Xi on the Importance of Ideology and Propaganda
	Xi on Dialectical Materialism
	Xi on Historical Materialism
	Report to the 19th Party Congress
	Xi on the National and Global Significance of Marxism
	Conclusion
5. Ideological Change under Xi and the Transformation of Chinese Domestic Politics
	Ideology, Internal Politics, and the Shift to the Left
	The Centralization of Power
	Party Institutions Replacing the State Council in Policy Leadership
	Enhancing Political Control through the Party’s Anti-​Corruption Campaign
	Power Consolidation through Xi’s Party Rectification Campaign
	The ‘Securitization’ of Everything
	The Reassertion of Party Leadership across All Domains
	Party Building, the Systematization of Ideological Education, and a Return to ‘Belief’, ‘Faith’, and a New ‘Baptism’ in Marxism-​Leninism
	Conclusion
6. The Impact of Ideology on Xi’s Economic Policy
	Xi’s Unfolding Economic Ideology
	The Transition from the ‘Primary Stage of Socialism’ to a ‘Higher Stage of Socialism’
	The Changing Use of ‘Banner Terms’ in Economic Ideology
	Conclusion
7. Changes in China’s Macro-​Policy Direction on the Economy
	The 2013 ‘Decision’
	The ‘New Normal’ of 2014–​2015
	‘Supply-​Side Structural Reform’
	The ‘New Development Concept’ as Xi Jinping Thought for the New Era
	Conclusion
8. Ideology, the 14th Five-​Year Plan, and the Direction of Micro-​Economic Policy
	Industrial Policy
	Manufacturing, the ‘Real Economy’, and Building a ‘Modern Economic System’
	State-​Owned Enterprises
	Xi and the Private Sector
	Xi’s ‘New Pattern’ of Opening Up to the Outside World
	Conclusion
9. Nationalism in Xi Jinping’s Worldview
	Xi’s Deployment of a New Set of Nationalist ‘Banner Terms’
	Xi’s Nationalist Meta-​Narrative: The Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation
	Cultural Nationalism: ‘China’s Outstanding Traditional Culture’
	The Nationalism of State Power: The Concept of ‘Comprehensive National Power’
	Xi’s Nationalism Abroad: ‘World Changes Not Seen in a Century’
	Conclusion
10. Nationalism and the Narrative of Foreign Policy Assertiveness
	The End of ‘Hide and Bide’ and the Beginning of Xi’s Doctrine of ‘Striving for Achievement’
	China’s New Neighbouring Country Diplomacy
	A New Type of Great Power Relations with the United States
	Nationalism and the Global Order: A Community of Common Destiny
	Conclusion
11. Nationalism, Foreign Policy Assertiveness, and Chinese Policy towards the United Nations
	China’s Role on the UN Security Council
	Beijing’s Changing Posture on Human Rights at the UNSC and the UN Human Rights Council
	A New Approach to UN Peacekeeping Operations
	Securing UN Candidatures, Leveraging Its Contribution to the UN Budget, and Influencing Other UN Delegations
	Changing the Normative Language of the UN
	Conclusion
12. Codifying the Marxist and Nationalist Dimensions of Xi Jinping Thought through the Party’s 2021 Historical Resolution
	Defining Xi Jinping Thought
	The Elevation of Xi Jinping Thought as ‘the’ Marxism for Modern China and the 21st Century
	Xi’s Ideological Reappraisal of Mao in the Historical Resolution
	Xi on the Ideological Errors of the Deng-​Jiang-​Hu Era
	The 2021 Resolution and Xi Jinping’s Cult of Personality
	Xi Jinping Thought, Changes in Party Periodization, and the Launch of a New Era
	The Changing Content of Xi Jinping Thought
	The Overall Impact of Xi Jinping Thought on Politics and the Economy
	Xi Jinping Thought and Chinese Nationalism
	Conclusion
13. The Dawn of Xi Jinping’s Second Decade in Power and the CCP’s 20th Party Congress
	Lead-​Up to the 20th Party Congress: Revisiting the  Centrality of the Ideology of Contradictions
	Doubling Down on Ideology
	The 20th Party Congress
	Ideological Change
	Political Impact
	Economic Policy Change
	Chinese Nationalism, Foreign and Security Policy
	Personnel Changes
	Conclusion
14. What Xi Jinping’s Ideology Can Tell Us about China’s Future
	Ideological Overreach and the Politics of Policy Correction during 2023
	Ideological Continuity: Xi’s Distinction between Strategic and Tactical Change
	Ideology as a Precursor for the Future
	Whither the Party? The Future of Leninist Politics
	Ideology and the Future Direction of the Chinese Economy
	Underlying Ideological Constraints
	Changing Economic Policy Settings
	Xi’s Continuing Ideological Narrative on the New Development Model
	The Problem of Economic Underperformance
	Ideology and the Likely Shape of Economic Policy during the 2020s
15. Xi’s Nationalist Ideology and Future Trends in Chinese Foreign Policy
	Foreign Policy Readjustment after 2023 within a Framework of Ideological Constraint
	Ideological Continuity in Xi’s Approach to the World: The Significance of the 2023 Foreign Affairs Work Conference
	Ideology as a Precursor for Foreign Policy in the 2020s
	Conclusion
16. China after Xi
	Future Directions in Xi Jinping Thought
	Following in Mao’s Steps in the Modernization and Sinification of Chinese Marxism
	Counting the Cost to China of Xi’s Return to Ideology
	China after Xi
Notes
Bibliography
	Structure of Bibliography
	English-​Language Sources
	Chinese-​Language Sources
Index