On Call Neurology

Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
On Call Neurology
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Contents
Structure of the Book
	Phone call
		Questions
		Orders
		Inform RN
	Elevator thoughts
	Major threat to life
	Bedside
		Quick Look Test
		Vital Signs
		Selective History and Chart Review
		Selective Physical and Neurologic Examination
	Management
Commonly Used Abbreviations
Introduction
	Chapter 1: Approach to the Neurologic Patient On Call: History Taking, Differential Diagnosis, and Anatomic Localization
		Principles of Managing Patients When On Call
		Principles of History Taking in Neurology
		Establishing the Initial Differential Diagnosis
		Anatomic Localization
	Chapter 2: The Neurologic Examination
		The Neurologic Examination
			Mental status
			Cranial nerves
			Motor
			Coordination
			Reflexes
			Sensory
			Gait and station
	Chapter 3: Diagnostic Studies
		Lumbar Puncture
		Computed Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Myelography
		Doppler Ultrasonography
		Angiography
		Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
		Electroencephalography
		Evoked Potentials
		Muscle and Nerve Biopsy
		Brain Biopsy
Patient-Related Problems: The Common Calls
	Chapter 4: Acute Seizures and Status Epilepticus
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
			Inform RN
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
		Management
			Emergent Initial Therapy
			Urgent Control Therapy
			Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus
			Treatment of Super Refractory Status Epilepticus
			Ongoing Management
	Chapter 5: Stupor and Coma
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Selective History
			Selective Physical Examination
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
			Diagnosis
				Pseudocoma States
		Management
			Emergency Treatments for Patients in Coma
			General Care of the Comatose Patient
		Prognosis and Outcome
	Chapter 6: Acute Stroke
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Airway and Vital Signs
			Selective History
			Selective Physical Examination
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
		Management
			Acute Management
			Hemorrhage
				Radiographic Assessment
				Checklist for Acute Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
			Infarction
				Radiographic Assessment
				Goals of Management
			Secondary Prevention and Hospital Management of Ischemic Stroke
			Management II: General Care
	Chapter 7: Spinal Cord Compression
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
			Inform RN
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Management
			Selective Physical Examination
			General Physical Examination
			Neurologic Examination
			Selective History and Chart Review
		Surgical Intervention
	Chapter 8: Delirium and Amnesia
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
			Inform RN
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Selective Physical Examination I
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
			Selective History and Chart Review
		Management
			Control of Delirium
			Treatment of Life-Threatening Disorders
			Selective History and Chart Review
			Treatment of Other Disorders
		Other Amnestic Disorders
			Transient Global Amnesia
			Thiamine Deficiency Encephalopathies: Wernicke Encephalopathy and Korsakoff Syndrome
	Chapter 9: Head Injury
		Phone call
			Questions
			Determination of the Severity of Injury
			Orders
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Airway and Vital Signs
			Selective Physical Examination
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
		Management
			Minimal-Risk Group
			Moderate-Risk Group
		Severe Head Injury
			Checklist for management of severe head injury in the neuro-intensive care unit
			Selected complications of severe head injury
			Prognosis
	Chapter 10: Focal Mass Lesions
		Introduction
			Phone call
				Questions
				Orders
			Elevator thoughts
				Differential Diagnosis of Focal Intracranial Mass Lesions
					Neoplasms
					Infections
					Inflammatory Diseases
			Major threats to life
			Bedside
				Focused History
				Selective Physical Examination
					General Physical Examination
					Neurologic Examination
				Further Diagnostic Workup
			Management
	Chapter 11: Gait Failure
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Selective History and Chart Review
			Selective Physical Examination I
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
		Management
			Selective Physical Examination II
			Diagnostic Testing
				Laboratory investigation
				Other Diagnostic Tests
			Treatment of Some of the Reversible Causes of Ataxia
	Chapter 12: Acute Visual Disturbances
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
			Inform RN
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Selective History and Chart Review
			Selective Physical Examination
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
		Management
	Chapter 13: Increased Intracranial Pressure
		Phone call
			Questions
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
		Management I
			Emergency Measures for Reduction of Intracranial Pressure
			Placement of an Intracranial Pressure Monitor
			Intracranial Pressure Monitors
		Elevator thoughts
			Intracranial Anatomy
			Intracranial Compliance
			Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
			Intracranial Pressure Waveforms
		Management II
			General Measures for Treating Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure
			Steps for Treating an \"Intracranial Pressure Crisis\" in an Intubated, Monitored Patient
		Tier I Interventions: What to Do First
		Tier II: Navigating Intracranial Pressure Crisis
		Tier III: Salvage Interventions
	Chapter 14: Dizziness and Vertigo
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
			Inform RN
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Selective History and Chart Review
			Selective Physical Examination
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
		Management
	Chapter 15: Headache
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
		Elevator thoughts
			Primary Headache Disorders
			Secondary Headache Disorders
			Painful Cranial Neuropathies and Other Facial Pain
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Airway and Vital Signs
			Selective History and Chart Review
			Selective Physical Examination
			Selective Neurologic Examination
			Diagnostic Testing
		Management
			Migraine
				Migraine Without Aura
				Migraine With Aura
				Chronic Migraine
				Status Migrainosus
					Treatment
			Tension-Type Headache
				Treatment
			Medication-Overuse Headache
			Cluster Headache and Other Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
				Treatment
			Hemicrania Continua
				Treatment
			Posttraumatic Headache
				Treatment
			Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
				Treatment
			Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
				Treatment
			Giant Cell Arteritis
				Treatment
	Chapter 16: Neuromuscular Respiratory Failure
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Airway and Vital Signs
			Selective History
			Selective Physical Examination
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
		Management
			Airway Management and Mechanical Ventilation
				Criteria for Intubation
				Initial Ventilator Management
				Bronchoscopy
				Tracheostomy
				Weaning to Extubation
			General Care of the Patient With Neuromuscular Respiratory Failure
			Specific Disorders
		Guillain-Barré Syndrome
			Onset
			Clinical features
			Laboratory data
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Myasthenia Gravis
			Clinical features
			Laboratory data
			Treatment
		Uncommon Causes of Paralysis and Respiratory Failure
			Botulism
			Poliomyelitis
			Acute Flaccid Myelitis
			Tetanus
	Chapter 17: Syncope
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Airway and Vital Signs
			Selective History
			Selective Physical Examination
			General Physical Examination
		Management
	Chapter 18: Pain Syndromes
		Phone call
			Questions
			Orders
			Inform RN
		Elevator thoughts
		Major threat to life
		Bedside
			Quick-Look Test
			Vital Signs
			Selective History and Chart Review
			Selective Physical Examination I
				General Physical Examination
				Neurologic Examination
		Management
		Selected Pain Syndromes
			Complex regional pain syndrome types 1 and 2 (type 1: AKA reflex sympathetic dystrophy, type 2: AKA causalgia)
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Trigeminal neuralgia (TIC douloureux)
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Herpetic neuralgia (shingles), postherpetic neuralgia
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Peripheral neuropathy
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Cervical or lumbosacral root compression
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Brachial neuritis (idiopathic brachial plexopathy, neuralgic amyotrophy, brachial neuralgia, parsonage-turner syndrome)
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
	Chapter 19: Brain Death
		Clinical Significance of Brain Death
			Clinical Guidance
		Criteria for the Clinical Diagnosis of Brain Death
		Confirmatory Testing
		Psychosocial Issues
		Intensive Care Unit Management of Potential Organ Donors
			Protocol for Management of the Potential Organ Donor in the Intensive Care Unit
Selected Neurologic Disorders
	Chapter 20: Nerve and Muscle Diseases
		Approach to the Patient With Suspected Neuromuscular Disease
			History
			Examination
			Motor Neuron Disease
				Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
				Spinal muscular atrophy
				Multifocal motor neuropathy
				Other motor neuron diseases
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Monoradiculopathy and Polyradiculopathy
			Plexopathy
				Brachial Plexopathy
				Lumbosacral Plexopathy
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
			Mononeuropathies
				Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Facial Palsy (Bell Palsy)
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Other Common Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
			Mononeuropathy Multiplex
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Polyneuropathy
				Clinical Approach to the Patient with Polyneuropathy
					Diagnosis
					Management
						Laboratory Testing for Evaluation of Polyneuropathy
				Selected Causes of Neuropathy
				General Care of the Patient with Neuropathy
			Neuromuscular Junction Disease
			Myopathy
				Questions to Ask the Patient with Suspected Myopathic Disease
				Examination
				Management
					Diagnostic Testing
				Causes of Myopathy
	Chapter 21: Demyelinating and Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System
		Multiple Sclerosis
			General Considerations
			Epidemiology
			Genetics
			Pathology
			Clinical Features
				Symptomatic Onset
				Sensory Disturbance
				Optic Neuritis
				Motor Symptoms
				Diplopia
				Ataxia and Tremor
				Neuropsychiatric Dysfunction
				Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction
				Vertigo
				Dysarthria
				Dysphagia
				Facial Weakness
				Fatigue
				Paroxysmal Symptoms
			Disease Course
				Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
				Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
				Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
			Diagnosis
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Cerebrospinal Fluid
				Evoked Potentials
				Rating Scales
			Differential Diagnosis of MS
				Progressive Myelopathy
				Progressive Cognitive Impairment With Symmetric White Matter Disease
				Cranial Neuropathies
			Disease-Modifying Therapies
				Interferons
				Glatiramer Acetate
				Mitoxantrone
				Natalizumab
				Fingolimod
				Teriflunomide
				Dimethyl Fumarate
				Alemtuzumab
				Ocrelizumab
				Glucocorticoids
				Plasma Exchange
				Treatments for SPMS
				Off-Label Immunomodulatory Agents
			Symptomatic Therapies
				Spasticity
				Fatigue
				Pain
				Paroxysmal Symptoms
				Bladder Dysfunction
				Bowel Dysfunction
				Sexual Dysfunction
		Acute Transverse Myelitis
		Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
		Acute Multiple Sclerosis
		Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
		Neuro Sarcoidosis
			Diagnosis
			Management
		Behçet Disease
			Diagnosis
			Management
		Central Pontine Myelinolysis
	Chapter 22: Infections of the Central Nervous System
		Approach to the Patient With Suspected Central Nervous System Infection
			Historical Features
			Examination Features
			Lumbar Puncture
		Acute Meningitis
			Acute Bacterial Meningitis
				Etiologies
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Viral (Aseptic) Meningitis
				Etiologies
				Laboratory Diagnosis
		Chronic Meningitis
			Tuberculosis Meningitis
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Neurosyphilis
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Lyme Disease
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Fungal Meningitis
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
		Brain Abscess and Parameningeal Infections
			Bacterial Abscess
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Subdural Empyema
			Cranial and Spinal Epidural Abscess
			Cysticercosis
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
		Viral Encephalitis
			Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			West Nile Virus Infection
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Other Causes of Encephalitis
		Viral Myelitis
			Acute Viral Myelitis
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Chronic Viral Myelopathy
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
		Neurologic Complications of AIDS
			Opportunistic Infections
			Nonopportunistic Nervous System Complications of AIDS
	Chapter 23: Neurooncology
		Symptomatic Management in Neurooncology
			Corticosteroids
			Antiepileptic Drugs
			Anticoagulants
		Gliomas
			Epidemiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Newly Diagnosed Gliomas
					Surgery
					Radiotherapy
					Chemotherapy
					Tumor-Treating Fields
				Recurrent Gliomas
			Prognosis
		Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
			Epidemiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Meningiomas
			Epidemiology
			Etiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Active Surveillance
				Surgery
				Radiotherapy
				Medical Therapy
			Prognosis
		Brain Metastases
			Epidemiology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Leptomeningeal Metastases
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Pituitary Adenoma
			Epidemiology
			Pathology
			Presentation
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Acoustic Neuroma
			Epidemiology
			Presentation
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
	Chapter 24: Cerebrovascular Disease
		Classification
			Subarachnoid hemorrhage
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Management
					Surgery
					Endovascular Embolization
					Medical Management
					Treatment of Vasospasm
			Ischemic stroke
				Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
					Cardioembolic Stroke
					Large-Vessel Stenosis
					Artery-to-Artery Embolus
					Lacunar Stroke (Small-Vessel Disease)
					Other Etiologies
				Management
			Intracerebral hemorrhage
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Management
	Chapter 25: Movement Disorders
		Basic Principles
		Step 1: Observe
		Step 2: Describe
		Step 3: Classify
		Step 4: Give The Movement a Name
		Step 5: Diagnose a Specific Disease
			Parkinson Disease
				Types of Movements
				Diagnostic Tests
				Treatment
					Levodopa
					Dopamine Agonists
					Amantadine
					Anticholinergics
					Comt Inhibitors
					Mao-B Inhibitors
			Essential Tremor
				Types of Movements
				Diagnostic Tests
				Treatment
					Beta Blockers
					Medications That Enhance Gaba-Ergic Tone
			Huntington Disease
				Types of Movements
				Diagnostic Tests
				Management
			Idiopathic Torsion Dystonia (Dystonia Musculorum Deformans)
				Types of Movements
				Diagnostic Tests
				Management
			Tourette Syndrome
				Types of Movements
				Diagnostic Tests
				Management
			Wilson Disease
				Types of Movements
				Diagnostic Tests
				Management
			Restless Leg Syndrome
				Types of Movements
				Diagnostic Tests
				Treatment
			Miscellaneous Disorders
	Chapter 26: Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
		Introduction
		Definitions
		Seizure Classification
			Generalized seizures
				Generalized Tonic-Clonic (\"Grand Mal\") Seizures
				Absence (\"Petit Mal\") Seizures
				Myoclonic Seizures
				Tonic Seizures
				Atonic Seizures
			Focal (Partial) Seizures
				Focal Seizures Without (\"Simple Partial Seizures\") or With Impairment of Awareness (\"Complex Partial Seizures\")
					Temporal Lobe Seizures
					Frontal Lobe Seizures
					Occipital Lobe Seizures
					Parietal Lobe Seizures
			Seizures of Unknown Onset
				Infantile (Epileptic) Spasms
		Epilepsy Syndromes
			Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes
				Childhood Absence Epilepsy
				Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
				Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
				Epilepsy With Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures on Awakening
			Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes
				West Syndrome (Infantile Spasms)
				Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
			Idiopathic Localization-Related Epilepsy Syndromes
				Benign Childhood Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes (\"Benign Rolandic Epilepsy\")
				Childhood Occipital Epilepsy With Occipital Paroxysms
			Febrile seizures
		The First Seizure
			Seizure \"Mimics\"
			Provoked Seizures
				Traumatic Brain Injury
				Alcohol
				Stroke
			Investigating the First Seizure
			Risk of Recurrence
			Seizures and Safety
		Treatment
			Pharmacologic Treatment
				General Principles
				Choice of Antiepileptic Drug Depending on Epilepsy Syndrome and Seizure Type
				Side Effects and Comorbidities
				Drug Interactions
				Special Considerations in Women With Epilepsy
			Dietary Therapy
			Surgical Treatment
				Focal Resection
				Other Neurosurgical Options
				Neurostimulation for Epilepsy
	Chapter 27: Pediatric Neurology
		Birth Trauma
			Birth Injury of the Brachial Plexus
			Spinal Cord Injury
			Tentorial Subdural Hematoma
		Hypotonic Newborn
		Cerebrovascular Complications of Prematurity
			Periventricular Hemorrhagic Infarction
			Periventricular Leukomalacia
		Neonatal Seizures
			Treatment
		Infantile Spasms
		Febrile Seizures
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Disorders That Resemble Seizures
		Infections of the Central Nervous System
			Diagnostic Evaluation
				Diagnosis
			Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections
		Fulminant Encephalopathies of Infancy and Childhood
			Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
			Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
			Postinfectious Cerebellitis
			Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO)
			Acute Toxic Encephalopathy
		Pediatric Stroke
		Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Malfunction
		Tumors
		Head Injury
		Child Abuse
		Brain Death
	Chapter 28: Dementia
		Examination of the Demented Patient
		Primary Neurodegenerative Disorders
			Alzheimers Disease
				Risk Factors
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Lewy Body Dementias
				Diffuse Lewy Body (DLB) Disease
				Parkinson Disease Dementia (PDD)
			Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
				Behavioral Frontotemporal Dementia
				Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)
				Semantic Dementia (CD)
				Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
				Cortical Basal Ganglionic Degeneration (CBD)
				Treatment of Frontotemporal Dementia Syndromes
			Huntington Disease
		Other Dementia Disorders
			Vascular Dementia
			Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
			Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
			Immune-Mediated Encephalitidies
			Vitamin B12 Deficiency
			HIV-Associated Dementia (Aids Dementia Complex)
			Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
			Transient Global Amnesia
Appendix A: Muscles of the Neck and Brachial Plexus
Appendix B:Muscles of the Perineum and Lumbosacral Plexus
Appendix C: Brachial Plexus
Appendix D: Lumbar Plexus
Appendix E: Sensory Dermatome Map
Appendix F: Surface Map of the Brain
Appendix G: Nuclei of the Brain Stem
Appendix H: Surface Anatomy of the Brain Stem
On-Call Formulary: Commonly Prescribed Medications in Neurology
Index
Inside Back Cover