On Biomineralization

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
ISBN 0195049772......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
CONTENTS (with page links)......Page 8
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 14
The Minerals......Page 18
Impact of Biomineralization on the Biosphere......Page 29
The Macromolecules......Page 31
CHAPTER 3 BIOMINERALIZATION PROCESSES......Page 36
Biologically Induced Mineralization......Page 37
Biologically Controlled Mineralization......Page 38
Space Delineation......Page 39
The Preformed Organic Matrix Framework......Page 40
Setting up the Saturated Solution......Page 41
Control over Nucleation......Page 43
Control over Crystal Growth......Page 49
Cessation of Crystal Growth......Page 50
The Real World......Page 52
CHAPTER 4 PROTOCTISTA......Page 61
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)......Page 65
Valve Formation......Page 67
Uptake, Transport, and Deposition of Silicon......Page 69
Foraminiferida......Page 71
Miliolids......Page 74
Rotaline Foraminifera......Page 76
Haptophyta (Coccolithophoridae)......Page 78
Intracellular Coccolith Formation......Page 80
Non-Coccolith-Associated Mineralization......Page 83
Silicification of Cysts......Page 84
CHAPTER 5 CNIDARIA......Page 85
Spicules......Page 88
Fused Spicular Aggregates......Page 90
Massive Skeletons: The Scleractinian Corals......Page 92
Adult Scleractinian Skeleton......Page 93
Processes of Scleractinian Coral Mineralization......Page 94
CHAPTER 6 MOLLUSCA......Page 99
Monoplacophora......Page 100
Polyplacophora: Tooth Formation......Page 105
The Mantle......Page 110
The Periostracum......Page 112
The Shell......Page 114
Shell Dissolution and Remodeling......Page 120
CHAPTER 7 ARTHROPODA......Page 122
Arthropod Cuticle......Page 126
The Mineralized Crustacean Cuticle......Page 128
Moulting and Mineralization in the Crustacea......Page 131
CHAPTER 8 ECHINODERMATA......Page 134
Spicule Formation in Sea Urchin Larvae......Page 138
Mineralization in Adult Sea Urchins......Page 141
The Nature of the Mineral Phase......Page 143
CHAPTER 9 CHORDATA......Page 146
Ascidiacea......Page 151
Bone......Page 155
The Mineral......Page 160
The Organic Matrix......Page 163
Collagen–Crystal Relations......Page 166
Stages of Bone Mineralization......Page 173
Cartilage......Page 178
Cartilage in the Unmineralized Form......Page 179
Mineralized Cartilage......Page 180
Enamel and Enameloid......Page 186
Enameloid......Page 191
Enamel......Page 193
The Crystals......Page 194
The Organic Maxtrix......Page 195
Maturation......Page 196
A Perspective......Page 198
CHAPTER 10 SOME NONSKELETAL FUNCTIONS IN BIOMINERALIZATION......Page 200
Gravity Perception......Page 201
Functions of Biologically Formed Magnetite Crystals......Page 207
Ferritin: An Iron Storage Macromolecule......Page 213
Induction of Ice Crystals by Certain Plant Bacteria......Page 215
Inhibition of Ice Crystal Formation by Glycoproteins from Polar Fish Blood......Page 216
CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON BIOMINERALIZATION......Page 218
Increase in the Amount of Biogenic Mineral Formed in Marine Warm Waters as Compared to Cold Waters......Page 219
Different Minerals Formed in Response to Environmental Changes......Page 221
Environmental Influences on Trace Element and Oxygen Isotopic Composition......Page 228
Trace Element Contents......Page 229
The Environment and Stable Oxygen Isotopes......Page 232
Environmental Influence on Skeletal Growth......Page 234
CHAPTER 12 EVOLUTION OF BIOMINERALIZATION......Page 238
The Early Evolution of Biomineralization......Page 239
Biologically Controlled Mineralization in the Precambrian......Page 240
Evolution of Carbonate Biomineralization......Page 243
The Deposition of Aragonite or Calcite......Page 246
The Increase of Biogenic Carbonate Formation during the Phanerozoic......Page 249
Evolution of Phosphate Mineralization......Page 251
Evolution of Silicification......Page 255
The Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary Zone: The Evolution of Composite Mineralized Skeletons......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 263
A......Page 320
B......Page 321
C......Page 322
E......Page 325
F......Page 326
H......Page 327
L......Page 328
M......Page 329
O......Page 330
P......Page 331
R......Page 332
S......Page 333
T......Page 334
Z......Page 335