Offshore Wind Turbines: Reliability, Availability and Maintenance

Offshore Wind Turbines: Reliability, availability and maintenance......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 17
Nomenclature......Page 18
Abbreviations......Page 20
1.1 Development of wind power......Page 24
1.2 Large wind farms......Page 27
1.3 First offshore developments......Page 29
1.4.1 Overview......Page 30
1.4.3 UK waters......Page 31
1.6.1 Terminology......Page 35
1.6.2 Cost of installation......Page 38
1.6.3 Cost of energy......Page 39
1.6.4 O&M costs......Page 41
1.7.3 Investors......Page 43
1.7.6 Original equipment manufacturers......Page 44
1.7.8 Maintainers......Page 45
1.9 References......Page 46
2.2 Basic definitions......Page 48
2.3 Random and continuous variables......Page 49
2.4.1 Reliability functions......Page 51
2.4.2 Reliability functions example......Page 52
2.4.3 Reliability analysis assuming constant failure rate......Page 53
2.4.4 Point processes......Page 55
2.4.5 Non-homogeneous Poisson process......Page 56
2.4.7 Total time on test......Page 57
2.5.2 Series systems......Page 59
2.5.3 Parallel systems......Page 60
2.7 References......Page 61
3.1 Introduction......Page 62
3.3 Reliability data collection......Page 63
3.5 Failure location, failure mode, root cause and failure mechanism......Page 64
3.6 Reliability field data......Page 65
3.7 Comparative analysis of that data......Page 66
3.8 Current reliability knowledge......Page 69
3.10 Linkage between failure mode and root cause......Page 70
3.11 Summary......Page 72
3.12 References......Page 73
4.1 Modern wind turbine configurations......Page 74
4.2.1 General......Page 75
4.2.2 Concepts and configurations......Page 77
4.2.4 Populations and operating experience......Page 78
4.3 Reliability analysis assuming constant failure rate......Page 79
4.4.2.1 General......Page 82
4.4.2.2 Generators......Page 83
4.4.2.4 Converters......Page 86
4.5 Evaluation of current different WT configurations......Page 91
4.6 Innovative WT configurations......Page 93
4.7 Summary......Page 94
4.8 References......Page 95
5.2.1 Reliability results and future turbines......Page 98
5.2.2 Design......Page 99
5.2.3 Testing......Page 100
5.3.1 Wind turbine design concepts......Page 101
5.3.2 Wind farm design and configuration......Page 102
5.3.3 Design review......Page 103
5.3.4 FMEA and FMECA......Page 105
5.4.1 Introduction......Page 109
5.4.2 Accelerated life testing......Page 110
5.4.4 Prototype and drive train testing......Page 113
5.4.5 Offshore environmental testing......Page 115
5.4.7 Commissioning......Page 116
5.5.1 Relation of reliability to availability......Page 117
5.5.3 Detection and interpretation......Page 118
5.6 Summary......Page 119
5.7 References......Page 120
6.1.1 Horns Rev I wind farm, Denmark......Page 122
6.1.2 Round 1 wind farms, the United Kingdom......Page 123
6.1.3 Egmond aan Zee, Netherlands......Page 125
6.2.1 General......Page 126
6.2.2 Environment......Page 127
6.2.3 Access......Page 129
6.2.4.1 Substation......Page 130
6.2.5 Other Round 1 wind farms, the United Kingdom......Page 131
6.3 Summary......Page 132
6.4 References......Page 133
7.2.1 Why SCADA?......Page 136
7.2.3 Value and cost of SCADA......Page 139
7.3.1 Why CMS?......Page 140
7.3.2.1 Vibration......Page 141
7.3.2.2 Oil debris and analysis......Page 142
7.3.2.4 Electrical......Page 144
7.3.3 Value and cost of CMS......Page 145
7.4.1 General......Page 146
7.4.2 SCADA success......Page 147
7.4.3 CMS success......Page 153
7.5.1 Multi-parameter monitoring......Page 159
7.6 Summary......Page 160
7.7 References......Page 161
8.1 Staff and training......Page 164
8.3 Spares......Page 165
8.5.1 Distance offshore......Page 166
8.5.2 Vessels without access systems......Page 168
8.5.3 Vessels with access systems......Page 169
8.5.4 Helicopters......Page 171
8.5.5 Fixed installation......Page 174
8.5.6 Mobile jack-up installations......Page 175
8.5.7 Access and logistics conclusions......Page 178
8.6.1 Sources and access to data......Page 180
8.6.2.1 Structure, data flow and the wind farm......Page 182
8.6.2.6 Field maintenance......Page 185
8.7 Summary: towards an integrated maintenance strategy......Page 188
8.8 References......Page 190
9.2 Operational planning for maintenance, RCM or CBM......Page 192
9.3 Asset management......Page 193
9.6 Certification, safety and production......Page 195
9.8 References......Page 196
10 Appendix 1: Historical evolution of wind turbines......Page 198
11.1.1 Background......Page 212
11.2.2 Taxonomy guidelines......Page 213
11.2.3 Taxonomy structure......Page 215
11.3 Standardising methods for collecting WT reliability data......Page 216
11.4 Standardising downtime event recording......Page 220
11.5.3 Failure location......Page 221
11.6 Detailed wind turbine taxonomy......Page 222
11.7 Detailed wind turbine failure terminology......Page 232
11.8 References......Page 234
12 Appendix 3: WMEP operators report form......Page 236
13.3 Commercially available SCADA data analysis tools......Page 238
13.5 References......Page 244
14.2 Reliability of wind turbines......Page 246
14.3 Monitoring of wind turbines......Page 247
14.4 Commercially available condition monitoring systems......Page 249
14.5 Future of wind turbine condition monitoring......Page 260
14.7 References......Page 261
15.1.2 Wind speed......Page 264
15.1.3 Wind turbulence......Page 266
15.2.2 Periodograms......Page 269
15.2.3 Cross-correlograms......Page 271
15.3.1 Wind speed......Page 272
15.3.2 Temperature......Page 274
15.3.3 Humidity......Page 275
15.3.4 Wind turbulence......Page 276
15.4.2 To wind farm operation......Page 277
15.5 References......Page 278
Index......Page 280