OECD Trade Policy Studies_ Ille - OECD

Foreword
Table of contents
Executive summary
Chapter 1. Defining illegal trade in environmentally sensitive goods
	Wildlife
	Timber
	Fish
	Hazardous waste
	Chemicals
	Structure of the publication
	Notes
	References
Chapter 2. Key drivers and main impacts of illegal trade
	Introduction
		Table 2.1. Types of impacts examined
	What drives illegal trade?
		Differential costs
		The role of demand
	Enabling environments for illegal trade
		Governance and regulatory failure
		Enforcement failure
	The impacts of illegal trade
		Economic impacts
			Table 2.2. Estimates of illegal production and trade
		Environmental impacts
		Social impacts
	Concluding remarks
	Notes
	References
	Annex 2.A1. The role of China
Chapter 3. Assessing illegal trade flows based on customs and licensing scheme data
	Introduction
	Data from customs and licensing records
		Box 3.1. Customs trade data - the Harmonised System
		The case of ramin wood imports by Chinese Taipei
			Table 3.1. Trade in ramin sawn timber from Indonesia to Chinese Taipei, 1998-99
			Table 3.2. Exports of ramin sawn timber to Chinese Taipei, 2005-07
		The case of mahogany trade between Latin America and the United States
	Customs data from importing and exporting countries
		Possible causes of discrepancies in customs data
			Table 3.3. Possible causes of discrepancies in import-export data
			Table 3.4. Import-export data discrepancies: Selected cases (tonnes of CFCs)
		The case of illegal timber exports from Tanzania
			Figure 3.1. Timber exports from Tanzania to China and Hong Kong, 2003–07
			Figure 3.2. Comparison of trade statistics for trade in timber from Tanzania to China and Hong Kong, 2003-07
			Table 3.5. Trade statistics for exports of logs (HS4403) from Tanzania in 2007 (cubic metres)
			Table 3.6. Avoiding discrepancies in legal trade data
	Comparing data from within licensing schemes and MEA reports
		Wildlife: CITES
		Ozone-depleting substances: Montreal Protocol
			Table 3.7. Total imports and exports reported between 1997 and 2002
			Table 3.8. Total imports and exports reported between 1997 and 2002 (MT)
		Hazardous waste: Basel Convention
	Concluding remarks
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4. Licensing and trade controls for environmentally sensitive goods
	Introduction
	Overview of licensing systems
		Where can licensing systems be most effective?
		Licensing systems and WTO rules
	Licensing systems for wildlife – CITES
		The permit system
		Effectiveness
	Licensing system for timber – FLEGT
		The licensing system
		Effectiveness
	Licensing system for fish – CCAMLR Catch Documentation Scheme
		The Licensing System
		Effectiveness
	Licensing system for chemicals – the Rotterdam Convention
	ODS and the Montreal Protocol
		Licensing systems
		Effectiveness
	Licensing system for waste – Basel Convention
		The prior notification and consent system
		Effectiveness
	Main lessons from licensing and concluding remarks
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 5. The effect of domestic environmental policies on illegal trade
	Introduction
	The establishment of property rights over environmental resources
		Peruvian vicuña
		The CAMPFIRE initiative in Zimbabwe
		Individual transferable fishing quotas
		Conclusions
	Taxes, charges and payments for environmental resources
		The ODS tax in the United States
		Waste taxes and charges in the European Union
		Export taxes on timber
	Concluding remarks
	Notes
	References
Chapter 6. Illegal trade in environmentally sensitive goods: Conclusions