OECD Environmental Performance Reviews DENMARK

Foreword
......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
Lost of Team Members......Page 14
Map of Denmark......Page 15
Chapter 1. Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 17
Strengthening the implementation of environmental policies......Page 18
Recommendations:......Page 19
Air......Page 20
Water......Page 21
Nature and biodiversity......Page 23
Recommendations:......Page 24
Integration of environmental concerns into economic decisions......Page 25
Integration of environmental and social decisions......Page 26
3. International Co-operation......Page 28
Recommendations:......Page 29
Chapter 2. Air......Page 31
Conclusions......Page 32
1. Policy Objectives......Page 33
Table 2.1 Emissions of air pollutants, 1990-2004, NEC ceiling......Page 34
2. Air Quality Trends......Page 35
Figure 2.1 Trends in urban air quality, selected cities, 1990-2005......Page 36
3. Controlling Air Emissions......Page 37
Figure 2.2 Air pollutant emissions......Page 38
Box 2.1 Low emission zones in Copenhagen......Page 40
4. Integrating Air Management Objectives into Energy Policy......Page 41
5. Integrating Air Management Objectives into Transport Policy......Page 43
Figure 2.3  Transport......Page 44
Table 2.2 Reduction in car registration tax......Page 45
Box 2.2 Cycling in Copenhagen......Page 46
6. Transboundary Air Pollution......Page 47
Table 2.3 Denmark’s performance under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution......Page 48
Notes......Page 49
Selected Sources......Page 50
Chapter 3. Water......Page 53
Conclusions......Page 54
1. Policy Objectives......Page 55
Table 3.1 Sources of pollutant discharges into inland and coastal waters, 2004......Page 56
2.1 Quality trends......Page 57
Table 3.2 Trends in water quality of watercourses, 1989-2004......Page 58
Table 3.4 Trends in water quality of marine waters, 1989-2004......Page 60
2.2 Point-source pollution......Page 61
Figure 3.1  Population connected to public waste water......Page 62
Box 3.1 Fish farming and water pollution......Page 64
Figure 3.2  Freshwater......Page 66
Table 3.5  Trends in water prices, 1998-2003......Page 67
2.3 Pollution from agriculture......Page 68
Figure 3.3  Commercial fertiliser......Page 70
Figure 3.4  Livestock......Page 71
Box 3.2 Regulating fertiliser use......Page 72
Table 3.7  Measures to reduce nitrogen discharges from agriculture under VMP II, 2003......Page 74
Box 3.3 Financial incentives to reduce nitrogen use in agriculture......Page 75
Table 3.8  Measures to reduce nitrogen discharges from agriculture under VMP III, 2005-14......Page 76
Figure 3.5  Pesticide use......Page 78
3.1 Resource assessment......Page 79
3.2 Moving toward basin-based management......Page 80
Notes......Page 82
Selected Sources......Page 84
Chapter 4. Nature and Biodiversity Management......Page 87
Conclusions......Page 88
1. Nature Conservation Policy Objectives......Page 89
2.1 State and pressure......Page 90
2.2 Habitat and ecosystem protection......Page 91
Table 4.1 Protected open land......Page 94
Box 4.1 Climate change and nature......Page 92
Table 4.2 Protected areas......Page 95
Box 4.2 Establishing national parks......Page 97
Box 4.3 Restoration of the Lower Skjern River......Page 99
2.3 Fauna and flora protection......Page 100
Figure 4.2  Fauna and flora......Page 101
3.1 Legal and institutional framework......Page 102
3.2 Spatial planning......Page 104
Box 4.4 Territorial reform and land-use planning......Page 105
3.3 Agriculture, forestry and aquaculture policies......Page 106
Box 4.5 Nature protection and agriculture......Page 108
Figure 4.3  Afforestation, 1996-2003......Page 109
Table 4.3  Public expenditure for nature protection......Page 110
3.5 International co-operation......Page 111
Notes......Page 113
Selected Sources......Page 114
Chapter 5. Environmental-Economic Interface......Page 115
Integration of environmental concerns into economic decisions......Page 116
Strengthening the implementation of environmental policies......Page 117
1.1 Decoupling environmental pressures from economic growth......Page 119
Box 5.1 Economic context......Page 120
Table 5.1 Economic trends and environmental pressures......Page 122
1.2 The National Strategy......Page 123
1.3 Sustainable development in practice: market-based integration......Page 125
Table 5.2 Environmentally-related subsidies......Page 126
Table 5.3 Revenue from environmentally-related taxes and charges, 1990-2005......Page 128
Table 5.4 Energy prices in selected OECD countries, 2005......Page 130
Figure 5.1  Road fuel prices and taxes......Page 132
1.4 Sustainable development in practice: sectoral integration......Page 133
Box 5.2 Wind power......Page 136
Figure 5.2  Energy structure and......Page 137
1.5 Environmental expenditure and financing......Page 141
Table 5.5 Environmental expenditure and revenues for counties, municipalities and national government, 2005......Page 142
2.1 Objectives......Page 143
2.2 Institutional and legal framework......Page 144
Figure 5.3  Structure of the Ministry of Environment......Page 145
Table 5.6 Strategic environmental assessments of government bills, 1993-2004......Page 146
Table 5.7 Selected environmentally-related legislation......Page 147
2.3 Regulation and enforcement......Page 148
Table 5.8 Enforcement of environmental legislation, 2004......Page 150
2.4 Economic instruments......Page 151
Table 5.9  Economic instruments, 1996-2005......Page 152
Figure 5.4  Municipal waste......Page 157
Box 5.3 From waste to energy......Page 158
Box 5.4 Policy on chemicals......Page 160
2.5 Other instruments......Page 161
Notes......Page 165
Selected Sources......Page 167
Chapter 6. Environmental-Social Interface......Page 169
Conclusions......Page 170
Box 6.1 Social context......Page 172
Figure 6.1  Social indicators......Page 173
1. Environmental Health......Page 171
Table 6.1 Health effects of selected environmental factors......Page 174
1.1 Chemicals and health......Page 175
Box 6.2 Strategy and action plan on environment and health, 2003......Page 176
1.2 Outdoor and indoor air pollution......Page 178
Figure 6.2  Prevalence of asthma and allergy, 1987-2000......Page 179
Table 6.3  Population exposed to traffic noise, Copenhagen......Page 180
1.4 Access to nature and physical exercise......Page 182
2. Environmental Democracy......Page 183
2.1 Access to environmental information......Page 184
2.2 Public participation......Page 185
2.3 Access to justice......Page 186
3.1 Awareness......Page 187
4. Environmental Employment......Page 188
Box 6.3 Nature interpretation......Page 189
Notes......Page 190
Selected Sources......Page 191
Chapter 7. International Co-Operation......Page 193
Conclusions......Page 194
1.1 Objectives......Page 196
Box 7.1 Greenland Dialogue on climate......Page 197
Table 7.1 Greenhouse gas emissions......Page 198
Figure 7.1 CO2 emission intensities, 2004......Page 199
1.3 Measures to reduce emissions......Page 200
Table 7.2 CO2 tax rates, 1996-2005......Page 201
1.4 Policy integration: energy, transport and forestry......Page 203
1.5 Overall assessment......Page 204
2.1 Pollution from land-based sources......Page 205
2.2 Pollution from ships......Page 207
2.3 Scrapping of ships......Page 209
3.1 Management of fisheries......Page 210
Box 7.2 Recycling of ships......Page 211
Table 7.5 Fish catch and aquaculture......Page 213
3.2 Protection of marine ecosystems......Page 215
4.1 Arctic environment......Page 216
4.2 Nordic co-operation......Page 217
4.3 Baltic Sea......Page 218
4.5 Wadden Sea......Page 219
4.6 Co-operation with Central and Eastern Europe......Page 220
5.1 Ozone-depleting substances......Page 221
Table 7.6 ODS consumption, 2002-04......Page 222
5.3 Endangered species......Page 223
6.1 Overall development aid......Page 224
6.2 Environmental assistance......Page 225
6.3 Environmental funds......Page 226
Notes......Page 228
Selected Sources......Page 230
References......Page 233
I.A Selected environmental data......Page 234
I.B Selected economic data......Page 236
I.C Selected social data......Page 238
II.A Selected multilateral agreements (worldwide)......Page 240
II.B Selected multilateral agreements (regional)......Page 246
III. Abbreviations......Page 252
IV. Physical context......Page 254
V. Selected environmental websites......Page 255