Octopus Biology and Ecology

Front Cover
Octopus Biology and Ecology
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
	References
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Origin and diversification of octopuses
		1. Introduction
		2. Diversification of octopuses
		3. Morphological trait correlation with radiation
		4. Speciation with conserved morphology: The Octopus vulgaris group as a case study
		References
	Chapter 2: Global biodiversity and biogeography of coastal octopuses
		1. Introduction
		2. Octopus biodiversity
		3. Coastal octopus biogeography
			3.1. Global hotspots of coastal species richness
			3.2. Global hotspots of coastal endemism
			3.3. Latitudinal patterns of coastal species richness
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part II: Species accounts
	Chapter 3: Octopus bimaculatus, California two-spot octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Local distribution
			2.3. Habitat and abundance
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
			3.2. Growth and lifespan
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Prey
				4.1.2. Predators
				4.1.3. Parasites
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
				4.2.1. Hunting and defence
				4.2.2. Mating
		5. Concluding remarks
		References
	Chapter 4: Octopus bimaculoides, Lesser two-spotted octopus
		1. Distribution and abundance
			1.1. Geographic distribution
			1.2. Abundance
			1.3. Migration patterns
			1.4. Fishery
		2. Life history
			2.1. Early development
			2.2. Growth and life span
			2.3. Maturation and fecundity
			2.4. Aquaculture
		3. Ecology
			3.1. Trophic ecology
				3.1.1. Prey
				3.1.2. Predators
				3.1.3. Parasites
					Bacteria
					Protozoa
					Dicyemidae
			3.2. Behavioral ecology
				3.2.1. Hunting and defence
				3.2.2. Social
				3.2.3. Mating
				3.2.4. Body patterning
				3.2.5. Temperament and learning
			3.3. Other ecological traits
		4. Research model
		5. Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 5: Octopus cyanea, day octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic and depth distribution
			2.2. Abundance
		3. Life history
			3.1. Growth and life span
			3.2. Sexual maturation and fecundity
			3.3. Learning, memory and cognition
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Habitats
			4.2. Trophic ecology
				4.2.1. Prey
				4.2.2. Predators
				4.2.3. Parasites
			4.3. Behavioural ecology
				4.3.1. Foraging and feeding tactics
				4.3.2. Primary defenses against predators: Camouflage and mimicry
				4.3.3. Mating system
		5. Final remarks
			5.1. Biological summary
			5.2. Key unknowns for future research
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 6: Octopus insularis, stout reef octopus
		1. Distribution and abundance
			1.1. Distribution
			1.2. Abundance
			1.3. Habitat
			1.4. Phylogeny, population structure, and gene flow
		2. Life history
			2.1. Early development
			2.2. Growth and life span
			2.3. Sexual maturation and reproductive cycle
		3. Ecology
			3.1. Trophic ecology
				3.1.1. Octopus insularis as a predator
				3.1.2. Octopus insularis as a prey
			3.2. Behavioural ecology
				3.2.1. Foraging and defence behaviour
				3.2.2. Social interaction
				3.2.3. Reproductive behaviour
				3.2.4. Body patterns
			3.3. Other ecological traits
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 7: Octopus maya, the Mayan octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Abundance
			2.3. Migration patterns
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
			3.2. Growth and life span
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
			3.4. Nutrition- and health-related factors affecting fecundity
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Prey
				4.1.2. Predators
				4.1.3. Parasites
			4.2. Thermal biology
				4.2.1. Embryos
				4.2.2. Juveniles
				4.2.3. Adults: Health condition and sea temperature
				4.2.4. Adults: Reproduction and sea temperature
					Reproductive performance and the organs controlling it: Transcriptome analysis
					Males
					Females
					Sex-specific differences in transcriptomic profiles
			4.3. Integrating the thermal biology of Octopus maya
		5. Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8: Octopus mimus, the Changos octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Molecular ecology
			2.3. Abundance and catches
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
			3.2. Growth, age, and sex ratio
			3.3. Maturation, fecundity, and lifespan
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
			4.2. Predators
			4.3. Parasites
		5. Knowledge gaps
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 9: `Octopus minor, long-armed octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Migration patterns
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
			3.2. Growth and life span
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Prey
				4.1.2. Predators
				4.1.3. Parasites
				4.1.4. Cannibalism
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
				4.2.1. Hunting and defence
					Hunting
					Prey preference
				4.2.2. Mating
					Paternity
				4.2.3. Lair behaviour
		5. Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 10: `Octopus tehuelchus, small Patagonian octopus
		1. Introduction
			1.1. The Argentine artisanal fishery for `Octopus tehuelchus
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Abundance
				2.2.1. Intertidal abundance and the artisanal fishery
				2.2.2. Subtidal abundance
			2.3. Migration patterns
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
				3.1.1. Eggs
				3.1.2. Embryonic development
			3.2. Growth and life span
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Prey
				4.1.2. Predators
				4.1.3. Parasites
				4.1.4. Human impact and the artisanal fishery
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
				4.2.1. Hunting and defence
				4.2.2. Species interactions
				4.2.3. Mating strategy
		5. Final remarks
			5.1. Limitations and research priorities
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 11: Octopus tetricus, gloomy octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Abundance and fisheries
			2.3. Migrations
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
			3.2. Growth and life span
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
		5. Final remarks
		References
	Chapter 12: Octopus djinda, western rock octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Abundance and fisheries
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
			3.2. Growth and life span
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
		5. Final remarks
		References
	Chapter 13: Octopus vulgaris, the common octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution and population structure
			2.2. Abundance and catches
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
			3.2. Growth, age, maturation, and sex-ratio
			3.3. Fecundity, spawning, and lifespan
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Habitat, den ecology, and horizontal migrations
			4.2. Environmental effects on recruitment, abundance, and distribution
			4.3. Trophic ecology
				4.3.1. Diet of paralarvae
				4.3.2. Diet of subadult and adults
				4.3.3. Predators
				4.3.4. Parasites
				4.3.5. Other feeding-related aspects (vectors of HABs)
			4.4. Behavioural ecology
				4.4.1. Defence against predation
				4.4.2. Foraging behaviour
				4.4.3. Social behaviour
				4.4.4. Mating
		5. Final remarks
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 14: Abdopus aculeatus, the prickly octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Abundance
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
			3.2. Growth and life span
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Prey
				4.1.2. Predators
				4.1.3. Parasites
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
				4.2.1. Hunting, foraging, and defence
				4.2.2. Social interactions
				4.2.3. Mating
				4.2.4. Other aspects
			4.3. Migration patterns
			4.4. Other ecological traits
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 15: Amphioctopus aegina, the sandbird octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
		3. Life history
			3.1. Embryonic development
			3.2. Post-hatching and juvenile development
			3.3. Growth and maturation
			3.4. Fecundity, spawning, and life span
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Feeding ecology
			4.2. Mating
			4.3. Fishery ecology
			4.4. Predators, diseases, and parasites
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 16: Amphioctopus fangsiao, two-gold-ring octopus*
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Fishing grounds and seasons
			2.3. Migration patterns
		3. Life history
			3.1. Embryonic development
			3.2. Growth and life span
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Prey
				4.1.2. Predators
				4.1.3. Parasites
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
				4.2.1. Feeding ecology
				4.2.2. Mating and spawning behaviour
				4.2.3. Sensory behaviour
		Supplementary material
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 17: Hapalochlaena lunulata, greater blue-ringed octopus
		1. Distribution and abundance
			1.1. Geographic distribution
			1.2. Abundance
		2. Life history
			2.1. Early development
			2.2. Growth and life span
			2.3. Maturation and fecundity
		3. Ecology
			3.1. Trophic ecology
				3.1.1. Prey
				3.1.2. Predators
				3.1.3. Parasites
			3.2. Behavioural ecology
				3.2.1. Hunting and defence
				3.2.2. Social
				3.2.3. Mating
			3.3. Chemical ecology
		References
	Chapter 18: `Octopus parvus, bean octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Abundance
			2.3. Migration patterns
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
				3.1.1. Eggs
				3.1.2. Embryonic development
			3.2. Growth and life span
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Prey
				4.1.2. Predators
				4.1.3. Parasites
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
				4.2.1. Hunting and defence
				4.2.2. Social
				4.2.3. Mating
					Conditions for observation of mating
					Behaviour and displays before and during mating
					Duration and style of copulation
					Evidence for monogamy or polygamy
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 19: Eledone cirrhosa, horned octopus
		1. Introduction to studies on Eledone cirrhosa
		2. Distribution, habitat, migrations, and abundance
			2.1. Distribution
			2.2. Habitat
			2.3. Migrations
			2.4. Abundance
		3. Life history
			3.1. Eggs and early life stages
			3.2. Body size, growth, and maturation
			3.3. Reproduction
			3.4. Lifespan
			3.5. Sex ratio
			3.6. Physiology, immunology, and health
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Prey and feeding
			4.2. Predators
			4.3. Fisheries and human consumption
			4.4. Parasites
			4.5. Contaminants
			4.6. Behavioural ecology
		5. Future research
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 20: Graneledone pacifica, Pacific warty octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
		3. Life history
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
		5. Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 21: Enteroctopus dofleini, Giant Pacific octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Distribution
			2.2. Abundance
				2.2.1. Japan
				2.2.2. South Korea
				2.2.3. North America
					Alaska
					British Columbia
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
				3.1.1. Eggs
				3.1.2. Hatchlings
				3.1.3. Paralarvae
			3.2. Growth and life span
			3.3. Maturation and fecundity
				3.3.1. Japan
					Males
					Females
				3.3.2. Northeast Pacific
				3.3.3. South Korea
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Prey
					Northeast Pacific
					Japan
				4.1.2. Predators
					Northeast Pacific
					Japan
				4.1.3. Parasites
					Protozoa
						Aggregata spp.
						Sarcomastigophora
					Metazoa
						Dicyemids
						Annelids
						Nematodes
						Crustaceans
						Cnidarians
			4.2. Behavioural ecology
				4.2.1. Migration
					Japan
					Northeast Pacific
					Russia
				4.2.2. Foraging
				4.2.3. Reproduction
					Mating season
					Mating behaviour
					Spawning and brooding
				4.2.4. Social
				4.2.5. Defence
				4.2.6. Other aspects
		5. Future directions
		Appendix A
		Appendix B
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 22: Enteroctopus megalocyathus, Patagonian red octopus
		1. Introduction
		2. Distribution and abundance
			2.1. Geographic distribution
			2.2. Genetic diversity
			2.3. Abundance
		3. Life history
			3.1. Early development
				3.1.1. Egg stages
				3.1.2. Paralarve and early juvenile stages
			3.2. Reproductive biology
				3.2.1. Maturation
				3.2.2. Reproductive output
				3.2.3. Mating behaviour
				3.2.4. Reproductive cycle
			3.3. Cohort population structure and recruitment
			3.4. Life span
		4. Ecology
			4.1. Trophic ecology
				4.1.1. Diet
				4.1.2. Predators
				4.1.3. Parasites
		5. Final remarks
		Acknowledgements
		References
Part III: Conclusions
	Chapter 23: Past, present, and future trends in octopus research
		1. Introduction
		2. Past and present trends
			2.1. Framework of analysis
			2.2. Research efforts across time
			2.3. Research efforts across space and species
			2.4. Research effort across topics
		3. Future perspectives
			3.1. Behaviour and cognition
			3.2. Motor control and locomotion
			3.3. Biorobotics and bioinspired research
			3.4. Fisheries sustainability and traceability
			3.5. Octopus systematics, taxonomy, and phylogenetics
			3.6. Diversity, life history, and ecology
				3.6.1. iEcology and citizen science
				3.6.2. Diversity, biogeography, and deep sea
				3.6.3. Population dynamics and dispersal mechanisms
				3.6.4. Feeding ecology
				3.6.5. Harmful algal blooms
				3.6.6. Pathogens, diseases, and immune responses
				3.6.7. Senescence
			3.7. Climate change
			3.8. Culture and welfare
		4. Closing remarks
		Acknowledgements
		References
Index
Back Cover