Occupied America: A History of Chicanos

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 16
CHAPTER 1 Not Just Pyramids, Explorers, and Heroes......Page 20
The Corn People: An Overview......Page 21
The Olmeca 1500 BC–500 BC......Page 22
The Maya......Page 23
Maya Society......Page 24
The Decline of Mayan Civilization......Page 25
Urbanism and Trade......Page 26
Other Corn Civilizations......Page 27
The Tarasco......Page 28
The Azteca......Page 29
Los Norteños......Page 30
Conclusion: The World System in 1519......Page 32
The Semi-Peripheral Zones......Page 33
The Mesoamerican Periphery......Page 34
What Drove the Conquest......Page 38
The Spanish Conquest......Page 39
The Spanish Invasion of the Mexica......Page 40
Smallpox and Other Plagues......Page 41
The Conquest of Race and Labor in Mesoamerica......Page 42
The Changing Roles of Women......Page 43
The Assimilation of Native Women......Page 44
Al Norte: God, Gold, Glory, Silver, and Slaves......Page 45
The Changing Order......Page 46
Forced Labor......Page 47
The Northern Corridor......Page 48
The Colonization of Texas......Page 49
The Tlaxcalán and the Castas......Page 50
Los Indios......Page 51
Conclusion: On the Eve of the Mexican War of Independence......Page 52
CHAPTER 3 Legacy of Hate: The Conquest of Mexico's Northwest......Page 58
Mexican Independence from Spain......Page 59
Broken Promises......Page 60
Wanna-Be Sam Adamses......Page 61
The Pretext: Myths of the Alamo......Page 62
Mexicans Win the Battles but Lose the War......Page 63
The Manufactured War......Page 64
Religious Justifications for War......Page 65
History as Propaganda......Page 66
Peacemakers Expose the Violence of War......Page 67
The War Crimes......Page 68
The Prosecution of the War......Page 69
The Controversy......Page 70
The Honorable Man......Page 71
Conclusion: The Border Crossed Us: In the Entrails of the Monster......Page 72
The Border Crossed Us......Page 78
The Years between 1836 and 1845......Page 81
Crossing the Northwest Texas-Mexican Border......Page 83
Control of the Corridor......Page 84
Trade Wars and the Rise of Juan Cortina......Page 85
Enter "Cheno" Cortina......Page 86
The Civil War......Page 87
The Transformation......Page 88
Hang 'em High!......Page 89
Controlling Mexicans......Page 90
Politics of Race and Gender......Page 92
The People's Revolt......Page 93
The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez......Page 94
Boss Rule......Page 95
Mexico Comes to Texas......Page 96
The Growth of the Mexican Population......Page 97
Mexican Resistance......Page 98
Conclusion: The Return of the Mexicano......Page 99
CHAPTER 5 Freedom in a Cage: The Colonization of New Mexico......Page 106
On the Frontier......Page 107
The Santa Fe Trail: The Trojan Horse......Page 108
The Taos Revolt: The Myth of the Bloodless Conquest......Page 109
Inventing Whiteness......Page 110
The Transition......Page 111
Gringos and los Ricos......Page 112
The Santa Fe Ring and the Land Grab......Page 113
The Lincoln County War......Page 115
The Americanization of the Catholic Church......Page 116
The New Mexican Diaspora......Page 117
The Marketplace......Page 118
Barbed Wire, Irrigation, and the Railroad......Page 119
The Village People Defend Their Land......Page 120
More Illusions of Inclusion......Page 121
Changes in Society......Page 122
Conclusion: The Decline of a Way of Life......Page 123
CHAPTER 6 Sonora Invaded: The Occupation of Arizona......Page 130
The War with Sonora......Page 132
Mexicans in Early Arizona......Page 133
The War of the Races......Page 134
Marrying Up!......Page 135
The Alliance of Elites......Page 136
The Land-Grant Grab......Page 137
From Adobe to Copper......Page 138
The Importance of Mining......Page 139
The 1890s: The De-skilling of Mine Work......Page 140
Mutual-Aid Societies......Page 141
The Emergence of Trade Unions......Page 142
It's the Water......Page 143
Conclusion: The Industrialization of Arizona......Page 144
CHAPTER 7 California Lost: Image and Reality......Page 149
The Myth That Has Become Legend......Page 150
The Class Gap......Page 151
John C. Fremont and the Bear Flag......Page 153
Gold Transforms California......Page 154
Complicity of the Californios......Page 155
Decline of the Californios......Page 156
Taxation without Representation......Page 157
Legalizing Racism......Page 158
The American Delusion, The Lugos Trial......Page 159
The Disillusionment......Page 160
El Clamor Público......Page 161
Class Divisions......Page 162
I Am Joaquin!......Page 163
The Social Bandit......Page 164
Mexicans in a Changing Society......Page 165
The Church's Role......Page 166
The Exclusion of the Other......Page 167
Conclusion: The Decline and Return of the Mexican......Page 168
Empire......Page 176
CHAPTER 8 Immigration, Labor, and Generational Change......Page 179
Overview......Page 180
Ideas Cross Borders......Page 181
Justice Knows No Borders......Page 182
Workers Find Their Voice......Page 183
The Nurturing of Ideas......Page 184
The Mexican Diaspora......Page 185
Early Mexican American Struggles to Control the Workplace......Page 186
Forging a Community......Page 187
Bullets across the Border......Page 188
In Defense of the Community......Page 189
Mexican Workers under Siege......Page 191
The Hysteria: The Plan of San Diego......Page 193
Shifts in Political Consciousness......Page 194
The Failure of American Brotherhood......Page 195
Conclusion: Mexicans in the City, The Backlash......Page 196
CHAPTER 9 The 1920s: The Effects of World War I......Page 204
Americanization: A Study of Extremes......Page 205
Protestant Churches and Americanization of the Mexican......Page 206
Mexicans and Mexican Americans......Page 207
The Influence of World War I on Becoming Mexican American......Page 208
The League of United Latin American Citizens......Page 209
The Move to the Cities......Page 210
San Antonio's West Side......Page 211
Los Angeles: "Where Only the Weeds Grow"......Page 212
Mexicans in the Midwest and Points East......Page 214
Mexican Labor in the 1920s......Page 216
Importance of the Sugar Beet Industry......Page 217
Mexican Workers in Texas......Page 218
The Formation of Mexican Unions......Page 219
Keeping America Blond and White......Page 221
Conclusion: Moving to the City......Page 223
CHAPTER 10 Mexican American Communities in the Making: The Depression Years......Page 230
The Great Depression: La Crisis......Page 231
Stresses and Strains during La Crisis......Page 232
Life during the Great Depression......Page 233
Nativist Deportations of the 1930s......Page 235
Repatriation Texas-Style......Page 236
Factories in the Fields......Page 237
The Farmworkers' Revolt......Page 238
The El Monte Strike......Page 239
The San Joaquín Valley Cotton Strike......Page 240
The Imperial Valley, 1934......Page 241
The Congress of Industrial Organizations......Page 242
Rural Workers in the Lone Star State......Page 243
Colorado and the Manitos......Page 244
Mexican Women Garment Workers in Los Angeles......Page 245
San Antonio Mexicana Workers......Page 246
La Pasionaria, the Pecan Shellers' Strike, and San Antonio......Page 247
Labor in the Midwest: Chicago......Page 248
The Mexican American Miners' Revolt......Page 249
The Mexican-Origin Community......Page 250
The Los Angeles Community......Page 251
El Congreso de los Pueblos de Habla Español......Page 252
Fighting Segregation......Page 253
Move to the Windy City: Chicago......Page 254
Conclusion: The Survivors......Page 255
Mexican Americans......Page 263
World War II and the Mexican......Page 264
The Story of Company E: The All-Mexican Unit......Page 265
Chicanas in the Military......Page 266
Finding Scapegoats......Page 267
The Sleepy Lagoon Trial......Page 268
Mutiny in the Streets of Los Angeles......Page 270
Mexicanas Break Barriers......Page 271
Rosita the Riveter......Page 272
The Federal Fair Employment Practices Commission......Page 273
Cold War Politics of Control......Page 274
The Communists Are Coming......Page 275
Toward a Civil Rights Agenda......Page 276
The American G.I. Forum......Page 277
Controlling Mexicans......Page 278
The Return of Farm Labor Militancy......Page 279
Renting Mexicans......Page 280
Conclusion: The Sleeping Giant Snores......Page 283
CHAPTER 12 " Happy Days": Chicano Communities under Siege......Page 290
Mexican Americans......Page 291
The Korean War: Historical Amnesia......Page 292
Keeping America American......Page 293
Militarization of the Immigration and Naturalization Service......Page 295
The Cities......Page 296
New Mexico: The Illusion of It All......Page 299
Los Angeles Politics......Page 300
El Paso......Page 301
The "Salt of the Earth"......Page 302
Toward Equality......Page 303
California......Page 304
The Struggle to Preserve the Barrios......Page 305
Urban Renewal: The Day of the Bulldozer......Page 306
Gentrification in the Midwest......Page 307
Conclusion: Toward the Illusion of Civil Rights......Page 308
CHAPTER 13 Goodbye America: The Chicana/o in the 1960s......Page 314
Proving Your Poverty......Page 315
Harvest of Shame: The Forgotten People......Page 317
San Antonio and Texas Politics......Page 318
Los Angeles Politics......Page 319
Building the Great Society......Page 320
Bilingual Education......Page 321
The Black–White Syndrome......Page 322
Magnetization of the Border......Page 323
The Immigration Act of 1965......Page 324
The Road to Delano......Page 325
La Casita Farms Corporation Strike of 1966 and the Aftershocks......Page 326
The Road to Brown Power......Page 328
The Making of a Movement......Page 329
The East LA Walkouts......Page 330
Chicana/o Student Militancy Spreads......Page 332
The Brown Berets and White Angst......Page 333
Gringos and Tejanos......Page 334
The Land Struggle......Page 336
El Grito del Norte......Page 337
Other Movement Voices......Page 338
Where Is God?......Page 339
Chicanas/os under Siege......Page 340
The Provocateurs......Page 342
Conclusion: The Chicana/o Legacy......Page 344
CHAPTER 14 The 1970s and 1980s: Redefining the 1960s......Page 352
Government Legitimizes Racism......Page 354
The Politics of Cynicism: Nixon's Hispanic Strategy......Page 355
La Raza Unida Party......Page 356
Failure to Build a National Third Party......Page 357
Inequality from Within......Page 358
Inevitable Factions......Page 359
The Birth of Chicano Studies......Page 360
Sterilization: Saving Taxpayers' Money......Page 361
The Road to Delano......Page 362
Nativism Is Racism......Page 363
Get the Mexican Bandits: Criminalization of Mexicans......Page 364
In Defense of the Foreign Born......Page 365
Chicanas/os as Commodities......Page 366
Political Gains......Page 367
Education: The Stairway to the American Dream......Page 368
The Continuing Importance of the EOPs......Page 369
Competing Ideologies......Page 370
The Myth of a Color-Blind Society......Page 371
Violence as an Instrument of Control......Page 372
Conclusion: The Final Year of the Decade......Page 373
CHAPTER 15 Becoming a National Minority: 1980–2001......Page 379
The Decade of the Hispanic......Page 380
The Central American Wave......Page 381
The Mexican Wave......Page 382
Reaction to the Little Brown Brothers and Sisters......Page 383
The Militarization of the Border......Page 384
Mexican American Labor......Page 385
The Movement for Inclusion: The Politicos......Page 388
The Glass Ceiling......Page 392
Immigrant Women Workers......Page 393
¿Gobernar Es Poblar?......Page 394
The North American Free Trade Agreement......Page 395
Forging Communities......Page 397
Believers: Chicana/o Studies......Page 398
The Renaissance in Chicana/Chicano Thought and Arts......Page 399
Hate Is Tax Deductible......Page 400
The National Scene: Census 2000......Page 403
Some Things Never Change: Police Brutality......Page 407
Conclusion: The Problem of Becoming the Nation's Largest Minority......Page 408
CHAPTER 16 Losing Fear: Decade of Struggle and Hope......Page 416
When Numbers Count......Page 417
How Else Can You Teach Them a Lesson?......Page 418
Mexican Americans and 9/11......Page 419
The Stairway to Heaven: Electoral Politics......Page 422
Protection of the Foreign Born......Page 426
The Firewall?......Page 429
Losing Fear......Page 430
Conclusion: Toward an Ideology......Page 432
EPILOGUE: The Chicana/o Legacy......Page 438
Who Are Latinos? Where Do They Live?......Page 440
The Ramifications of Growth and Spreading Nationally......Page 442
Quo Vadis? What Will the Future Bring?......Page 444
Saving Humpty Dumpty......Page 446
A......Page 450
C......Page 451
E......Page 454
G......Page 455
J......Page 456
M......Page 457
N......Page 459
P......Page 460
S......Page 461
T......Page 462
V......Page 463
Z......Page 464