Occupational Health Psychology

Acknowledgments From Irvin Sam Schonfeld
Acknowledgments From Chu-Hsiang Chang
Share Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health
1.    A Brief History of Occupational Health Psychology
	Early Forerunners
		Engels and Marx
		Émile Durkheim
		Max Weber and the Iron Cage
		Taylor and Ford
		Frederick Winslow Taylor
		Henry Ford
	World War I and the Interwar Years
		Impact on Soldiers
	The Interwar Years
		Human Relations
		Unemployment
	From the World War II Era to the 1970s
		World War II
		Institute for Social Research
		Tavistock and Human Relations
		Changes in the British Mining Industry
		Hans Selye
			Stressful Life Events
		Stress Research in Sweden
		Developments in Sociology, Social Psychology, and Industrial Psychology
		Richard Lazarus
		Methodological Rigor in Research on Job Stress
		OSHA and NIOSH
		P–E Fit
		Burnout
		Decision Latitude and Job Demands
	The 1980s to the Present
		Two Groundbreaking Studies
		Occupational Health Psychology
		Work & Stress
		APA–NIOSH Conference Series
		Doctoral Programs in OHP
		University of Nottingham
		Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
		ICOH–WOPS
		European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology
		Society for Occupational Health Psychology
	Summary
2.    Research Methods in Occupational Health Psychology
	Research Designs
		Experiment
		Quasi-Experiment
		Internal Validity of Experiments and Quasi-Experiments
		Cross-Sectional Study
		Case-Control Study
		Longitudinal Study
		Cohort Studies
		Meta-Analysis
			Two-Stage Meta-Analysis
			One-Stage Meta-Analysis
			Final Comment on Meta-Analyses
		Other Research Designs in OHP
			Diary Studies
			Natural Experiment
			Interrupted Time-Series
			Qualitative Research Methods
	Measurement
		Reliability
			Internal Consistency Reliability
			Alternate Forms and Test–Retest Reliability
			Interrater (Scorer) Reliability: Continuous Measures
			Interrater Reliability: Categorical Measurement
			Final Word on Reliability
		Validity
			Content Validity
			Criterion-Related Validity
			Construct Validity
	Research Ethics
	Summary
3.    The Impact of Psychosocial Working Conditions on Mental Health
	Assessing Mental Health in OHP Research
		Psychological Distress and Depression
		Burnout
	The Impact of Job Loss on Mental Health
		Two Pathways for Research on Unemployment
		What the Research on Unemployment Has to Tell Us
		Job Loss and Suicide
	The Demand–Control(–Support) Model
		Social Support Becomes Part of the Model
		Measuring DCS Factors
		Methodological Concerns
		The Evidence Bearing on the Relation of the Demand–Control(–Support) Model to Depression and Distress
		The DCS Factors and Excessive Alcohol Consumption
		Workplace Support
		The Impact of DCS Factors
	The Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) Model and Conservation of Resources Model
		The Evidence Bearing on the JD–R Model
			The JD–R Model and Matching
			Summing Up of the JD–R Model
	The Effort–Reward Imbalance Model
	Other Psychosocial Factors
		Organizational Justice
		Job Insecurity
		Long Working Hours
		Night Work and Shift Work
		Stressful Occupational Events and Work-Related Social Stressors
		Coping
	Other Research Considerations
		Reverse Causality
		Controlling for Socioeconomic Status
		Nonwork Stressors
		Timing Waves of Data Collection
		Decisions About Study Populations
		Reliance on Self-Report Measures
	Summary
4.    Epidemiology, Medical Disease, and OHP
	Cardiovascular Disease
		A Riddle
		Psychosocial Working Conditions Could Affect CVD Through Health Behaviors
			Cigarette Smoking
			Obesity and Weight Gain
			Leisure Time Physical Activity
			Summary
		Biological Links From Psychosocial Working Conditions to CVD
			Workplace Stressors and Human Biology
			Cortisol and Epinephrine
			Allostasis and Allostatic Load
			Dysregulation of the HPA Axis and Other Harmful Effects
			Summary
			Depression and CVD
			Burnout and CVD
		Research Linking “Stress at Work” and Demand–Control Variables to CVD
			Studies That Employed Imputation Strategies Linking DC Factors to CVD
			Studies That Involve DC Factors That Were Assessed by Worker Self-Report
			Focus on DC Factors in Women
			Two-Stage Meta-Analysis
			The DC and ERI Models Compared
			“Mega-Study” of DC Factors
			Summary of Studies Bearing on the DC and ERI Factors
		The Relation of Job Loss to CVD Mortality
		Job Insecurity and CVD
		Long Working Hours and CVD
		Bullying
		Work Schedules and CVD
		Socioeconomic Status and Health
			Summary of Research on the Relation of Psychosocial Workplace Factors to CVD
	Musculoskeletal Problems
		Psychosocial Working Conditions and Musculoskeletal Problems
		Evidence That Psychosocial Working Conditions Affect Musculoskeletal Problems
			Two Meta-Analyses and a Systematic Review
		Summary
	Other Health-Related Outcomes
5.    Workplace Violence and Psychological Aggression
	Extent of Workplace Violence and Psychological Aggression
		Prevalence of Homicide in the Workplace
		Prevalence of Workplace Violence, Excluding Homicide
		Prevalence of Psychological Aggression in the Workplace
		Workplace Violence and Psychological Aggression Commonly Occur
	Risk Factors for Violence in the Workplace and Worker-on-Worker Psychological Aggression
		Risk Factors for Psychological Aggression by Workers Against Other Workers
	Focus on Three Occupational Groups
		Nurses
			Hospital Climate
			A Small Corps of Patients and the Context of Assaults
			Summary of the Nursing Findings
		Teachers
			What Qualitative Research Has to Say
			Official Data on Assault
			Data Obtained From the Teachers Themselves
			Summary of the Teacher Findings
		Bus Drivers
	Consequences of Violence Exposure at the Workplace
		Cross-Sectional Research on the Consequences of Exposure to Workplace Violence
		Case-Control Research on the Consequences of Exposure to Workplace Violence
		Longitudinal Research on the Consequences of Exposure to Workplace Violence
			Longer-Term Longitudinal Studies
			Shorter-Term Longitudinal Studies
		Summing up the Consequences of Violence Exposure
	Consequences of Workplace Psychological Aggression
		Longitudinal Research on the Consequences of Exposure to Workplace Psychological Aggression
			Longitudinal Studies on Distress and Depression With Longer Time Lags
			Longitudinal Studies on Distress and Depression With Shorter Time Lags
			Bidirectional Effects
			Outcomes Other Than Distress and Depression
			Coping
	Summary
6.    Organizational Climate and Leadership
	Organizational Climate: A Brief History
		Levels of Analysis
		Dimensions of Organizational Climate
	Safety Climate
		Antecedents of Safety Climate
		Safety-Related Outcomes of Safety Climate
		Other Effects of Safety Climate
	Mistreatment Climate
	Psychosocial Safety Climate
	Other Climates Relevant to Occupational Health Psychology
	Organizational Leadership: A Brief History
	Contemporary Leadership Theories and Occupational Health
		Transformational Leadership
		Leader–Member Exchange
		Abusive Supervision
	Summary
7.    OHP Research on Specific Occupations
	Teachers
		Mental Disorder, Suicide, and Physical Disorder
		Within-Occupation Research
		Summary
	Nurses
		Mental Disorder and Suicide
		Within-Occupation Research
		Summary
	Combat Soldiers
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Mental Disorder and Brain Injury
		Leadership
		Sexual Harassment
		Suicide
		Summary
		Postscript
	First Responders
		Police Officers
			Summary
		Firefighters
			Summary
	9/11
		9/11 First Responders Who Were Police Officers
		9/11 First Responders Who Were Firefighters
		Children of 9/11 First Responders
			Summary
	Construction Workers
		Occupational Stress and Safety
		Occupational Health Issues Unique to Construction Workers
		Summary
	Agricultural Workers
		Occupational Stress
		Occupational Safety
		Occupational Health Issues Unique to Agricultural Workers
	Summary
8.    Occupational Safety
	Risk Factors in the Physical Work Environment
	Occupational Health Psychology and Occupational Safety
		Individual Antecedents of Safety Performance and Workplace Accidents and Injuries
			Demographics
			Personality
			Ability Factors
			Motivation-Related Differences
		Situational Antecedents of Safety Performance and Workplace Accidents and Injuries
			Job Characteristics
			Shift Work
		Implications of Considering Individual and Situational Antecedents for Safety
	Summary
9.    Work–Family Balance
	Negative Work–Family Interface: Work–Family Conflict
		Situational Antecedents of WFC
		Dispositional Antecedents of WFC
		Outcomes of WFC
		Experience Sampling and Longitudinal Research
		Cross-National Research
	Positive Work–Family Interface: Work–Family Enhancement (WFE)
		Situational Antecedents of WFE
		Dispositional Antecedents of WFE
		Outcomes of WFE
		Experience Sampling and Longitudinal Research
	Work–Family Balance
	Consideration of the Broader Context
	Summary
10.  Interventions in Occupational Health Psychology
	Integrated Model for Intervention in OHP
		Primary Interventions to Improve Work–Life Balance
		Secondary Interventions to Improve Work–Life Balance
		Tertiary Interventions to Improve Work–Life Balance
		Primary Interventions to Improve Physical Health and Safety
		Secondary Interventions to Improve Physical Health and Safety
		Tertiary Interventions to Improve Physical Health and Safety
		Primary Interventions to Improve Psychological Health and Well-Being
		Secondary and Tertiary Interventions to Improve Psychological Health and Well-Being
	Summary
11.  The Future of Occupational Health Psychology
	The Future of OHP, Chapter by Chapter
		Mental Health
			Money
			Personality and Social Factors
			Job Crafting
		Physical Health
			Intermediate Pathways to CVD
			Stroke
			Underrepresented Groups
			Workers Transitioning Into Retirement
		Aggression in the Workplace
			Work-Related Mistreatment via the Internet
		Organizational Climate and Leadership
			Industry-Specific Research
			Leadership
		Research on Specific Occupations
			Combat Soldiers
			Police Officers and Firefighters
			Correctional Officers
			The Self-Employed
			Teaming With Workers to Develop Research Ideas
		Safety
			Worker Empowerment and Safety
		Work–Family Balance
			Families Responsible for Other Kinds of Care
			The Self-Employed
			Physicians
		Interventions in the Workplace
			Learning From Failure
		Total Worker Health™
	Final Thoughts
Index