Observations and Dynamics of Circulations in the North Indian Ocean

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Observational Background
	1.2 Theoretical Background
	1.3 Book Overview
Part I Observations: Atmospheric Forcing and Ocean Response
2 Atmospheric Circulation
	2.1 Monsoons and the ITCZ
		2.1.1 General Properties
		2.1.2 South Asian ITCZ
	2.2 South-Asian Summer Monsoon
		2.2.1 Precipitation and Orography
		2.2.2 Monsoon Winds
		2.2.3 SST and Ocean Processes
		2.2.4 Non-orographic Rainfall
		2.2.5 Summary
	2.3 Interannual Variability
		2.3.1 ENSO
		2.3.2 IOD
	2.4 Sub-annual Variability
		2.4.1 Madden-Julian Oscillations
		2.4.2 Quasi-biweekly Mode
		2.4.3 Sub-weekly Oscillations
		2.4.4 Diurnal Variability
3 Ocean Forcing and the Surface Mixed Layer
	3.1 Ocean Forcing
		3.1.1 Definitions
		3.1.2 Climatological Fluxes
	3.2 Surface Mixed Layer
		3.2.1 Mixed-layer Processes
		3.2.2 Mixed-layer Models
		3.2.3 Basin-wide Properties
		3.2.4 Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
4 Ocean Circulations
	4.1 Thermohaline Structure
		4.1.1 Overview
		4.1.2 Bottom Layer
		4.1.3 Deep Layer
		4.1.4 Intermediate Layer
		4.1.5 Upper Layer
	4.2 Climatological Surface Currents and Sea Level
		4.2.1 Currents
		4.2.2 Sea Level and Geostrophic Velocity
	4.3 Southern-Hemisphere Circulations
		4.3.1 South Equatorial Thermocline Ridge
		4.3.2 South Equatorial Current
		4.3.3 South Equatorial Countercurrent
		4.3.4 East Africa Coastal Current
	4.4 Equatorial Region
		4.4.1 Wyrtki Jets
		4.4.2 Upwelling Events
		4.4.3 Equatorial Undercurrents and Deeper Flows
		4.4.4 Intraseasonal Oscillations
	4.5 Sumatra/Java Coast
		4.5.1 Mean Currents
		4.5.2 Semiannual and Annual Cycles
		4.5.3 Intraseasonal Variability
		4.5.4 Dynamics
	4.6 Andaman Sea
		4.6.1 Background Properties
		4.6.2 Annual Cycle
		4.6.3 Intraseasonal Variability
		4.6.4 Dynamics
	4.7 Bay of Bengal
		4.7.1 Interior Circulation
		4.7.2 Intraseasonal Variability and Eddies
		4.7.3 East India Coastal Current
		4.7.4 Western-Boundary Gyres
		4.7.5 Salt Balance
	4.8 Monsoon Currents
		4.8.1 Summer Monsoon Current
		4.8.2 Winter Monsoon Current
		4.8.3 Dynamics
	4.9 Arabian Sea
		4.9.1 Lakshadweep High and Low
		4.9.2 West India Coastal Current
		4.9.3 Pakistan Coastal Current
		4.9.4 Interior Circulation
		4.9.5 East Arabia Coastal Current
		4.9.6 Somali Current
		4.9.7 Salt Balance
	4.10 Marginal Seas
		4.10.1 Persian Gulf
		4.10.2 Gulf of Oman
		4.10.3 Red Sea
		4.10.4 Gulf of Aden
Part II Models
5 Ocean Models
	5.1 Ocean General Circulation Models
		5.1.1 Equations
		5.1.2 Mixing
		5.1.3 Boundary Conditions
		5.1.4 Coordinate Systems
	5.2 Linear, Continuously Stratified Model
		5.2.1 Equations of Motion
		5.2.2 Boundary Conditions
		5.2.3 Vertical Normal Modes
		5.2.4 Barotropic and Baroclinic Modes
		5.2.5 Modal Equations
		5.2.6 Convergence
	5.3 Layer Models
		5.3.1 Overview
		5.3.2 Nonlinear 112-layer Model
		5.3.3 Linear 112-layer Model
		5.3.4 Multi-layer Models
	5.4 Potential Vorticity
Part III Free Waves
6 Overview
	6.1 Wave Structure
		6.1.1 Plane Wave
		6.1.2 General Wave
		6.1.3 Other Waves
	6.2 Dispersion Relation
	6.3 Wave Groups in a Uniform Medium
	6.4 Impact of a Slowly-varying Medium
	6.5 Impact of Mixing
7 Midlatitude Waves
	7.1 Gravity and Rossby Waves
		7.1.1 Dispersion Relation
		7.1.2 Phase and Group Velocities
		7.1.3 Extension to Variable f
		7.1.4 Critical Latitudes
		7.1.5 Videos
	7.2 Kelvin Waves
		7.2.1 Zonal Coasts
		7.2.2 Meridional Coasts
	7.3 Boundary-Generated Rossby Waves
		7.3.1 Solution
		7.3.2 Videos
		7.3.3 Meridional Energy Propagation
	7.4 Waves Along a Slanted Coast
		7.4.1 Kelvin Waves
		7.4.2 Rossby-Wave Pathways
	7.5 Observations
		7.5.1 Critical Latitude
		7.5.2 Meridional Energy Propagation
		7.5.3 Zero-Group-Velocity Resonance
8 Equatorial Waves
	8.1 Hermite Functions
	8.2 Equatorial Gravity and Rossby Waves
		8.2.1 Dispersion Relation
		8.2.2 Phase and Group Velocities
		8.2.3 Videos
	8.3 Mixed Rossby-Gravity Wave
	8.4 Equatorial Kelvin Wave
	8.5 Relationship to Midlatitude Waves
	8.6 Observations
Part IV Forced Solutions
9 Overview
	9.1 Common Aspects
		9.1.1 Approximations
		9.1.2 Basin and Boundary Conditions
		9.1.3 Radiation and Initial Conditions
		9.1.4 Wind-stress Forcing
	9.2 Dirac δ-function
	9.3 Transform Methods
		9.3.1 Fourier Transforms
		9.3.2 Laplace Transforms
	9.4 Examples
		9.4.1 Switched-on Forcing
		9.4.2 Periodic Forcing
10 Ekman Drift and Inertial Oscillations
	10.1 Midlatitude Ocean
		10.1.1 Constant f
		10.1.2 Variable f
		10.1.3 Observations
	10.2 Equatorial Ocean
		10.2.1 Single-mode Response
		10.2.2 Solutions with z-dependence
		10.2.3 Observations
	10.3 Review
11 Sverdrup Flow and Boundary Currents
	11.1 Interior Circulation
		11.1.1 Solution
		11.1.2 Videos
		11.1.3 Pycnocline Response
		11.1.4 Observations
	11.2 Boundary Currents
		11.2.1 Western Boundary
		11.2.2 Other Boundaries
		11.2.3 Observations
12 Interior Ocean
	12.1 Simplified Model Equations
	12.2 Constant-f Solutions
		12.2.1 Switched-On Forcing
		12.2.2 Periodic Forcing
		12.2.3 Observations
	12.3 Variable-f Solutions
		12.3.1 Switched-On Forcing
		12.3.2 Periodic Forcing
		12.3.3 Observations
13 Coastal Ocean
	13.1 Simplified Model Equations
	13.2 Switched-On Forcing
		13.2.1 Two-Dimensional Response
		13.2.2 Three-Dimensional Response, β=0
		13.2.3 Three-Dimensional Response, β=0
	13.3 Periodic Forcing
		13.3.1 Solution
		13.3.2 Dynamics
		13.3.3 Videos
		13.3.4 Solutions for a Slanted Boundary
	13.4 Observations
	13.5 River-Driven Circulations
14 Equatorial Ocean: Switched-On Forcing
	14.1 Simplified Model Equations
	14.2 Interior Solution
		14.2.1 Small-Time Response
		14.2.2 Long-Time Solution
	14.3 Reflections from a Single Boundary
		14.3.1 East-Coast Reflections
		14.3.2 West-coast Reflections
	14.4 Reflections from Both Boundaries
	14.5 Observations
15 Equatorial Ocean: Periodic Forcing
	15.1 Interior Solution
		15.1.1 v Field
		15.1.2 u Field
		15.1.3 p Field
		15.1.4 Dynamics
		15.1.5 Videos
	15.2 Reflections from a Single Boundary
		15.2.1 Eastern Boundary
		15.2.2 Western Boundary
		15.2.3 Meridional Energy Propagation
		15.2.4 Reflections from a Slanted Boundary
	15.3 Observations
	15.4 Equatorial Resonances
		15.4.1 Equatorial Basin Resonance
		15.4.2 Zero-Group-Velocity Resonance
16 Beams and Undercurrents
	16.1 Beams
		16.1.1 Properties
		16.1.2 Videos
		16.1.3 Observations
	16.2 Undercurrents
		16.2.1 Conceptual Explanations
		16.2.2 Dynamics
		16.2.3 Videos
		16.2.4 Observations
17 Cross-Equatorial and Subtropical Cells
	17.1 Overview
	17.2 Structure
		17.2.1 Two-Dimensional Overturning
		17.2.2 Three-dimensional Pathways
		17.2.3 Transports
		17.2.4 Observations
	17.3 Dynamics
		17.3.1 Model Overview
		17.3.2 STC Dynamics
		17.3.3 CEC Dynamics
		17.3.4 Cross-Equatorial Flow
		17.3.5 Equatorial Roll
Appendix A List of Acronyms
Appendix B Simplified LCS Equations
B.1  Non-dimensional Parameters
B.2  Parameter Choices
B.2.1  General Scalings
B.2.2  Interior-Ocean Scaling
B.2.3  Coastal-Ocean Scaling
B.2.4  Equatorial-Ocean Scaling
Appendix C Video Overview
Appendix  References
Index