Nutritional Oncology

Cover Page......Page 1
EDITORS......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
ISBN 0120883937......Page 5
I. Biology of Nutrition and Cancer......Page 6
II. Epidemiology of Nutrition and Cancer......Page 7
IV. Gene–Nutrient Interaction and Cancer Prevention......Page 8
V. Bioactive Food Components and Botanical Approaches to Cancer......Page 10
VI. Nutritional Assessment and Support of the Cancer Patient......Page 11
VII: Nutritional Implementation Guidelines and Practice......Page 12
Contributing Authors......Page 14
Preface......Page 18
WHAT IS NUTRITIONAL ONCOLOGY?......Page 20
HISTORY AND FUTURE OF NUTRITIONAL ONCOLOGY......Page 21
AGING AND CANCER......Page 22
OBESITY AND CANCER......Page 23
References......Page 24
CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD AND DIETARY QUALITY......Page 26
Protein Quality......Page 27
Role in Satiety......Page 28
FATTY ACID STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION......Page 29
Fatty Acids as Cellular Signals......Page 30
Soluble and Insoluble Fiber......Page 31
Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load......Page 32
FUNCTIONAL FOODS Soy Protein......Page 33
Phytochemical-Rich Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains......Page 34
References......Page 35
INTRODUCTION......Page 40
NUTRIGENETIC RESPONSE......Page 42
TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGIES......Page 44
BEYOND NUTRIGENOMICS......Page 46
References......Page 47
INTRODUCTION......Page 50
Linkage between Cell Proliferation and Differentiation......Page 51
Basic Control of Proliferation/Differentiation in the Intestinal Mucosa......Page 52
GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING......Page 54
Wnt Signaling—The Initiator of Tumor Formation—and Its Role in Regulation of c-myc......Page 55
Ras Signaling......Page 57
TGF-β/BMP Signaling......Page 58
NF-κB......Page 59
Notch Signaling......Page 60
Cdx1 and Cdx2......Page 62
AP-1......Page 64
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs)......Page 65
Histone Acetylation......Page 66
DNA Methylation......Page 67
MITOCHONDRIA: A MECHANISM OF REGULATION AND INTEGRATION......Page 68
Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Mitochondrial Function, and the Modulation of Butyrate Induction of Cell Maturation......Page 69
References......Page 70
INTRODUCTION......Page 82
Metabolic Alterations in Tumor Tissues......Page 83
METABOLIC HYPOTHESIS OF TUMOR GROWTH......Page 85
Metabolic Control Analysis......Page 87
METABOLIC PROFILING OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION......Page 89
RELATIVE ROLES OF GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS, AND METABOLOMICS IN CANCER RESEARCH......Page 90
References......Page 91
INTRODUCTION......Page 94
Calorie Restriction and Cancer......Page 95
Selected Potential Mechanisms......Page 96
IGF-1, Growth, and Cell Cycle Regulation......Page 97
Physical Activity and IGF-1 Levels in Men and Women......Page 98
Other Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Energy Balance and Cancer Association......Page 99
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 101
References......Page 104
STUDY DESIGNS......Page 110
Observational Studies......Page 112
Randomized Intervention Trials......Page 115
Nutrients, Foods, and Diet Patterns......Page 117
GENE–DIET INTERACTIONS......Page 118
References......Page 119
7 Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cancer......Page 122
PUBLISHED REVIEWS......Page 125
INDIVIDUAL CANCER SITES......Page 126
Lung Cancer......Page 127
Breast Cancer......Page 141
Colon Cancer......Page 153
Stomach Cancer......Page 163
Prostate Cancer......Page 175
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 178
SUMMARY......Page 186
References......Page 187
INTRODUCTION......Page 200
WHOLE GRAINS AND CANCER......Page 201
WHOLE GRAINS AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT CANCERS......Page 202
WHOLE GRAINS AND NONINTESTINAL CANCERS......Page 205
CONCLUSIONS......Page 206
References......Page 207
ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY......Page 210
Obesity and Inactivity......Page 211
Breast Cancer in Women......Page 212
Colon Cancer......Page 213
Endometrial Cancer in Women......Page 214
CANCER SITES SUSPECTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY......Page 215
Obesity and Prostate Cancer in Men......Page 216
Obesity and Pancreatic Cancer......Page 217
References......Page 218
INTRODUCTION......Page 224
Biomarkers of Tobacco Carcinogens......Page 225
Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage......Page 226
Lung Cancer......Page 227
Cancer of the Head and Neck, Bladder, Pancreas, and Kidney......Page 229
Breast Cancer......Page 230
Colon Cancer......Page 232
Cervical Cancer......Page 233
SUMMARY......Page 234
References......Page 235
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: TRENDS AND PREVALENCE......Page 244
ALCOHOL METABOLISM......Page 245
Design/Statistical Issues......Page 248
Site-Specific Relationships......Page 249
Alcohol in the Prognosis of Head and Neck Cancers......Page 285
CONCLUSIONS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS......Page 289
References......Page 290
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Children’s Health......Page 298
Antioxidant Dietary Supplementation against Tobacco Smoke......Page 299
Antismoke Effects of Acetylcysteine......Page 300
Genotoxic Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles......Page 301
Action Mechanism of Arsenic Carcinogenicity......Page 302
Mechanism of Chromium Genotoxicity......Page 303
References......Page 304
THE IGF AXIS AND ENERGY BALANCE......Page 308
IGF Axis and Cancer......Page 309
ESTROGENS AND CANCER......Page 310
ANDROGENS AND CANCER......Page 312
Structure and Action of Nuclear Receptors......Page 313
LIPID SENSOR RECEPTORS AND LIPID METABOLISM......Page 314
FEED-FORWARD LOOPS AND UPREGULATION OF METABOLIC ENZYMES......Page 316
References......Page 317
INTRODUCTION......Page 322
Oxidative Stress......Page 323
References......Page 329
SULFUR HAS MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL ROLES AFFECTING CANCER......Page 332
THIOLS IN CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION......Page 333
THE GSH SYSTEM PROTECTS AGAINST CANCER BY DETOXIFICATION OF REACTIVE ELECTROPHILES......Page 334
DIETARY GSH PROVIDES A MEANS TO DECREASE RISK FROM DIRECT-ACTING DIETARY CARCINOGENS......Page 335
Cellular Redox Is Primarily Controlled by the Glutathione and Thioredoxin Systems......Page 336
Cysteine and Cystine......Page 338
GLUTATHIONE PLAYS OPPOSING ROLES IN CARCINOGENESIS......Page 339
THIOREDOXIN IS OVEREXPRESSED IN CANCER......Page 341
References......Page 342
INTRODUCTION......Page 346
Auto-Regulation of the Immune System......Page 347
DO TUMOR CELLS EXPRESS TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS?......Page 348
Are Tumors Immunogenic in Humans?......Page 349
IMMUNOTHERAPY......Page 350
Cell-Mediated Immunotherapy......Page 351
Antibody-Targeted Immunotherapy (van de Loosdrecht et al., 2004)......Page 352
FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL ANTICANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY......Page 353
References......Page 354
INTRODUCTION......Page 358
Xenograft Tumor Models......Page 359
Animal Models for Breast Cancer (BRCA)......Page 360
Animal Models for Prostate Cancer (CaP)......Page 363
Animal Models for Bladder Cancers......Page 365
Animal Models for Lung Cancer......Page 366
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Nutritional Cancer Prevention Strategies......Page 368
References......Page 369
Systematic Approaches to Cancer Prevention......Page 374
DISCOVERY......Page 377
Large-Scale Prospective Studies......Page 378
Evidence from Animal Models......Page 380
Systematic Approach for Biomarkers in Nutrition Research......Page 381
DEVELOPMENT......Page 382
Large-Scale Phase III Chemoprevention Trials......Page 383
Large-Scale Dietary Modification Trials......Page 384
Challenges in Delivery for Nutritional Oncology......Page 385
References......Page 386
Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics......Page 392
Twenty-four Hour Recall......Page 393
Food Records......Page 394
Biomarkers and Dietary Assessment......Page 395
Biomarkers as Measures of Dietary Exposure......Page 397
References......Page 398
INTRODUCTION......Page 402
PROSTATE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOGENESIS OF PROSTATE CANCER......Page 403
HORMONES, OBESITY, AND PROSTATE CANCER......Page 404
Metabolic Syndrome and the IGF Axis......Page 405
Tomato-Based Foods and Lycopene......Page 406
Vitamin E......Page 407
Selenium......Page 409
References......Page 413
BREAST ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 418
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES......Page 419
ENDOCRINOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER......Page 420
EXOGENOUS HORMONES AND BREAST CANCER RISK......Page 421
MACRONUTRIENT INTAKES, DIET, ENERGY BALANCE, AND BREAST CANCER RISK......Page 422
ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND BREAST CANCER RECURRENCE AND SURVIVAL......Page 423
ALCOHOL AND FOLATE INTAKE IN BREAST CANCER......Page 424
GENETICS, NONGENETIC FACTORS, AND GENE–NUTRIENT INTERACTION IN BREAST CANCER......Page 425
References......Page 427
INTRODUCTION......Page 430
THE NATURE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION......Page 431
THE ETIOLOGICAL ROLE OF UV RADIATION IN SKIN CANCER......Page 432
EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS Background to Nutritional Aspects of Experimental Cancer......Page 433
UV-INDUCED SKIN CANCER AND DIETARY MODIFICATION......Page 434
POSSIBLE MODE OF ACTION OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS IN MODULATION OF UV CARCINOGENESIS......Page 436
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer......Page 437
Melanoma......Page 441
CONCLUSIONS......Page 442
References......Page 443
INTRODUCTION......Page 448
THE MULTISTEP PROCESS OF COLORECTAL CARCINOGENESIS......Page 449
INHERITED AND SPONTANEOUS COLON CANCER......Page 450
Fruits, Vegetables, and Fiber......Page 451
Red Meat......Page 452
Calcium......Page 453
Vitamin D......Page 454
NUTRIENT–NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS......Page 455
CONCLUSION......Page 456
References......Page 457
BACKGROUND......Page 462
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption......Page 463
Salt and Salty Food......Page 464
Green Tea......Page 465
MICRONUTRIENTS......Page 466
β- Carotene, Vitamin A, and Retinol......Page 467
Other Trials......Page 468
References......Page 469
BACKGROUND......Page 474
GENES ALTERED IN SPORADIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS......Page 475
Genetic Alterations......Page 476
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIET......Page 481
Obesity, Physical Activity, and Diabetes......Page 482
Fruit and Vegetable Intake......Page 484
Meats and Fats......Page 486
Tea and Coffee......Page 487
Isoprenoids......Page 488
Retinoids and Vitamin D: Differentiation Agents......Page 489
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 490
References......Page 492
SMOKING AND BLADDER CANCER......Page 500
GSTM1......Page 501
Dietary Aspects for the Chemoprevention of Bladder Cancer......Page 502
THE FUTURE OF BLADDER CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION: A RATIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF NEW AGENTS......Page 508
A Strategy for Developing Interventions for Superficial TCC: The ABCD Matrix......Page 509
Evidence-Based Leads for Identifying New Agents......Page 510
References......Page 511
INTRODUCTION......Page 516
Retinoids and Hematopoiesis......Page 517
Retinoid Therapy of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia......Page 518
RETINOID THERAPY OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME......Page 522
Mechanism of Action......Page 523
1,25(OH)2D3 and Therapy of MDS......Page 524
New Vitamin D Analogs......Page 525
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE......Page 526
References......Page 527
Dietary Supplement Use in the General Population......Page 532
Dietary Supplement Use among People with Cancer......Page 533
Importance of Evidence-Based Research......Page 536
Timing......Page 538
Interactive Impacts: Environment, Gender, Genetic Differences......Page 539
Therapeutic Interactions......Page 540
CONCLUSIONS......Page 541
References......Page 542
Definition and Physiological Effects......Page 546
Analysis of Fiber in Foods......Page 547
SIMPLE SUGARS AND CANCER......Page 548
FIBER AND CANCER......Page 549
Potential Mechanisms of Action......Page 551
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 552
References......Page 553
Nomenclature......Page 556
Metabolism of Essential Fatty Acids......Page 557
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, PROSPECTIVE, AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES......Page 558
Proposed Mechanisms of Anti-cancer Activity of n-3 PUFAs......Page 560
Translation Initiation and Cancer......Page 561
References......Page 566
Forms, Functions, and Metabolism of Vitamin D......Page 570
Diet, Sunlight, and Vitamin D Deficiency......Page 571
Uptake and Metabolism of Vitamin D Metabolites in Novel Target Tissues......Page 572
Cell Regulatory Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3......Page 573
MODULATION OF CELL TURNOVER AND CARCINOGENESIS BY VITAMIN D ANIMAL STUDIES......Page 575
Overview......Page 576
Colon Cancer......Page 577
References......Page 578
FOOD MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SOYBEANS......Page 584
CHEMISTRY AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF ISOFLAVONES......Page 585
Isoflavone Concentrations in Soy Foods......Page 586
Importance of Glycoside Conjugates in Isoflavone Chemistry and Biological Action......Page 587
Enterohepatic Recycling of Isoflavones......Page 588
Bacterial Metabolism of Isoflavones......Page 589
PRECLINICAL EXPERIMENTS EXPLORING THE SOY–CANCER PREVENTION HYPOTHESIS......Page 590
GENISTEIN AND BREAST CANCER MODELS......Page 591
SOY, ISOFLAVONES, AND PREEXISTING BREAST CANCER......Page 592
CONCLUSION......Page 593
References......Page 594
BREAST CANCER......Page 598
The Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial Results......Page 599
Methylseleninic Acid......Page 600
MSA Interference of Androgen Receptor Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer Cells......Page 601
REDOX MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS BY MSA......Page 602
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 603
References......Page 604
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF GLUCOSINOLATES IN EDIBLE PLANTS......Page 608
Glucosinolate Structure and Diversity......Page 609
Dietary Intake of Glucosinolates......Page 610
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING GLUCOSINOLATES AND CANCER PREVENTION......Page 611
CHEMOPREVENTION STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS......Page 612
Detoxification Enzymes......Page 614
CLINICAL STUDIES WITH GLUCOSINOLATE DERIVATIVES Absorption and Metabolic Effects of Glucosinolate Derivatives......Page 616
Cancer Prevention......Page 617
CONCLUSION......Page 618
References......Page 619
TEA CHEMISTRY AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROPERTIES......Page 622
INHIBITION OF CARCINOGENESIS IN ANIMAL MODELS......Page 623
Alterations in Intracellular Signaling Cascades......Page 624
Inhibition of Aberrant Arachidonic Acid Metabolism......Page 625
Metabolites Formed in the Body......Page 626
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES......Page 627
INTERVENTION STUDIES......Page 628
References......Page 629
INTRODUCTION......Page 632
BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS AND THEIR METABOLITES......Page 633
EPIGENOMICS AND GARLIC......Page 634
GARLIC AND PROTEOMICS......Page 635
Carcinogen Bioactivation......Page 636
Antiproliferation and Apoptosis......Page 637
References......Page 638
Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins......Page 640
Phenolic Acids......Page 642
Mechanisms of Chemoprevention by Berry Bioactives......Page 643
Modulation of Signaling Pathways of Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Cell Cycle Arrest......Page 644
Angiogenesis......Page 645
Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes......Page 646
Animal Studies......Page 647
DIETARY INTAKE OF BERRY BIOACTIVES......Page 648
Metabolism of Anthocyanins......Page 649
References......Page 650
ISOPRENOIDS: PURE AND MIXED......Page 654
Isoprenoids Suppress Growth of Tumor Cells......Page 655
Isoprenoids Initiate Apoptotic Cell Death......Page 656
PART A: POSTULATED ISOPRENOID-MEDIATED ACTION: SUPPRESSION OF FARNESYL PROTEIN TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY......Page 657
Alternative to the Suppression of Farnesyl Protein Transferase: Suppression of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Activity......Page 658
PART B: POSTULATED ISOPRENOID-MEDIATED ACTION: SUPPRESSION OF HMG CoA REDUCTASE ACTIVITY......Page 659
Tumor-Specific Action of the Isoprenoids......Page 660
CANCER PREVENTION......Page 661
References......Page 662
MALNUTRITION AND CACHEXIA IN CANCER......Page 670
Attempts to Reverse Metabolic Abnormalities......Page 671
Glucose and Protein Metabolism in Cancer Patients......Page 672
Lipid Metabolism in Cancer Cachexia......Page 673
Tumor and Host Factors Mediating Malnutrition and Cachexia......Page 674
Effects of Cytokines on Protein Metabolism......Page 675
CANCER ANOREXIA......Page 676
Nausea and Acquired Taste Aversions......Page 677
APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF ANOREXIA AND CACHEXIA......Page 678
CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ANOREXIA AND CACHEXIA PREVENTION AND TREATMENT......Page 679
References......Page 681
OBESITY AND BREAST CANCER MORTALITY: NONPATIENT POPULATIONS......Page 686
OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, AND BREAST CANCER PROGNOSIS......Page 687
WEIGHT GAIN AFTER DIAGNOSIS AND BREAST CANCER OUTCOMES......Page 691
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR AN ADVERSE PROGNOSTIC EFFECT OF OBESITY......Page 692
Androgens......Page 694
Cytokines, Inflammation, and Immune Function......Page 695
Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy......Page 697
Dietary Interventions in Breast Cancer Patients and Survivors......Page 698
References......Page 699
Indications......Page 704
Enteral Access......Page 705
Enteral Formula Selection......Page 706
Complications of Enteral Nutrition......Page 707
PARENTERAL NUTRITION SUPPORT......Page 708
Parenteral Access......Page 709
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 711
Micronutrients......Page 712
Clinical Outcomes......Page 713
Quality of Life Outcomes......Page 714
References......Page 716
ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES IN THE CANCER PATIENT......Page 720
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES......Page 721
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome......Page 722
ECTOPIC PITUITARY, HYPOTHALAMIC, AND PLACENTAL HORMONES......Page 723
Hypoglycemic Substances......Page 724
Hypercalcemic Substances......Page 725
CONCLUSION......Page 726
References......Page 727
INTRODUCTION......Page 730
SURVIVORSHIP......Page 731
Cancer Survivor with Genetic Predisposition......Page 732
Survivorship Issues in Individuals at Increased Risk of Cancer......Page 733
References......Page 735
INTRODUCTION......Page 738
Subjectivity......Page 739
Other Considerations......Page 740
Evaluating Treatment Outcome......Page 741
Predicting Response to Future Treatment......Page 742
CONCLUSION......Page 743
References......Page 744
A Case Study of Nutrition and Cancer Prevention Trials......Page 746
DESIGN ISSUES......Page 747
IMPORTANT STATISTICAL ISSUES......Page 748
CONDUCT OF THE TRIAL......Page 749
Generalized Estimating Equations......Page 750
Cluster Analysis Using a Finite Support Distributional Model......Page 751
RESULTS OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRIAL DATA......Page 752
Sample Size Considerations......Page 761
References......Page 762
Trends......Page 764
Environmental Causes......Page 765
The Obesity-Cancer Connection......Page 766
Overview of Causation Science......Page 767
HISTORY OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE......Page 768
HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE......Page 771
FACTORS PROMOTING EVOLUTION IN HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE......Page 773
EVOLUTIONS IN EVIDENCE-BASED ASSESSMENTS OF RESEARCH QUALITY......Page 774
AN EMERGING STATE OF THE ART......Page 775
References......Page 776
Glossary of Terms in Evidence-based Medicine (The University of Sheffield)......Page 780
1930s Great Depression and Getting Enough......Page 782
1970s: Dietary Goals for the United States and Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Emphasis on Balance and Moderation......Page 783
1990s: Coordination of Dietary Guidance Tools......Page 784
Year 2005 Dietary Guidelines: Fusion and Harmonization of Guidance......Page 785
Meeting Altered and New Nutrient Standards (DRI and 2005 Dietary Guidelines)......Page 787
Coping with Different Calorie Levels......Page 788
Clearing up Existing Confusion......Page 789
INDIVIDUALIZING THE RADIANT PYRAMID......Page 790
Misconceptions about Diet and Cancer......Page 792
Cancer-Specific Guidelines Available......Page 793
Why Do Cancer-Specific Nutrition Recommendations Disagree?......Page 796
More Realistic Recommendations......Page 797
Individualization of Dietary Guidance......Page 798
Do Gene-Specific Dietary Guidelines Make Sense Today?......Page 799
Restoring Energy Balance and Healthy Weights......Page 800
What Health Professionals and Consumers Can Do Now......Page 801
References......Page 802
48 Dietary Interventions......Page 804
Nutrition Interventions......Page 805
Dietary Risk Factors......Page 807
Dietary Risk Factors......Page 808
Dietary Risk Factors and Nutrition Interventions......Page 809
Obesity and Physical Activity......Page 812
Dietary Risk Factors and Nutrition Interventions......Page 813
Obesity and Physical Activity......Page 814
Dietary Risk Factors......Page 815
Nutrition Interventions......Page 816
PROSTATE CANCER......Page 817
Dietary Risk Factors......Page 818
Nutritional Interventions......Page 819
References......Page 821
INTRODUCTION......Page 832
GENE–NUTRIENT INTERACTION AND THE XENOBIOTIC HYPOTHESIS OF CANCER......Page 833
CONCLUSION......Page 834
A......Page 836
B......Page 837
C......Page 838
D......Page 839
E......Page 840
G......Page 841
H......Page 842
N......Page 843
P......Page 844
Q......Page 845
T......Page 846
V......Page 847