Nutritional Concerns of Women, Second Edition (Modern Nutrition (Boca Raton, Fla.).)

Front cover......Page 1
Series Preface for Modern Nutrition......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
Editors......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Contributors......Page 18
Contents......Page 22
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 25
II. INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF DISEASES IN WOMEN......Page 26
III. HEALTH MAINTENANCE: WHO’S “ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS”......Page 27
A. TASK FORCE ON WOMEN’S HEALTH ISSUES (1983–1985)......Page 28
C. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING OFFICE STUDY......Page 29
D. OFFICE OF RESEARCH ON WOMENS HEALTH......Page 30
E. USPHS ACTION PLAN FOR WOMEN’S HEALTH......Page 32
F. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION......Page 33
A. WOMEN’S HEALTH INITIATIVE......Page 34
VI. SUMMARY......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 37
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 39
III. NUTRITION CONSIDERATIONS FOR WOMEN......Page 40
A. ANEMIA......Page 41
B. OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 42
C. HEART DISEASE......Page 43
E. CANCER......Page 45
V. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES......Page 46
VI. WOMEN’S HEALTH AS A RESEARCH FOCUS......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 48
A. THE ELEMENTS OF CULTURE......Page 53
B. RELATIONSHIPS OF GENDER, CULTURE AND NUTRITION......Page 54
B. EARLY CHILDHOOD GROWTH FAILURE......Page 55
D. IODINE DEFICIENCY......Page 56
III. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES THAT INFLUENCE INCOME-GENERATING OPPORTUNITIES, INCLUDING ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY BY GENDER......Page 57
IV. CULTURAL VARIATION IN GOOD CARE PRACTICE FOR MOTHERS (INCLUDING FEEDING PRACTICES) AND THE IMPACT ON CHILD NUTRITION......Page 59
V. THE ROLE OF THE MOTHER’S EDUCATION IN NUTRITION......Page 60
VI. FOOD SECURITY, HOUSEHOLD POWER IMBALANCES AND GENDER......Page 61
VII. AMERICAN CULTURE AND NUTRITION......Page 62
VIII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 67
II. NORMAL PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 68
A. CHANGES IN WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION......Page 70
III. NORMAL PSYCHOSOCIAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT......Page 71
IV. HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COMMON EATING BEHAVIORS OF ADOLESCENT FEMALES......Page 73
V. FOOD AND NUTRIENT INTAKE AND ADEQUACY AMONG ADOLESCENT FEMALES......Page 74
VI. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ADOLESCENT FEMALES......Page 75
B. PROTEIN......Page 77
E. VITAMINS AND MINERALS......Page 78
G. IRON......Page 79
I. FOLATE......Page 80
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 81
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 85
III. SYMPTOMS......Page 86
IV. MENSTRUAL CYCLE......Page 87
VI. ETIOLOGY......Page 88
VII. NUTRITIONAL IMPLICATIONS A. VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY......Page 89
C. MAGNESIUM......Page 90
E. CAFFEINE......Page 91
A. SELECTIVE SEROTONIN-REUPTAKE INHIBITORS......Page 92
B. COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES......Page 93
IX. CONCLUSIONS......Page 94
REFERENCES......Page 95
CONTENTS......Page 99
A. FOLATE STATUS......Page 100
C. SUBSTANCE USE......Page 101
E. BREASTFEEDING PROMOTION......Page 102
III. PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION ISSUES......Page 103
C. VITAMINS AND MINERALS......Page 104
D. VITAMIN AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS......Page 106
E. WEIGHT GAIN......Page 108
H. SUBSTANCE USE......Page 110
K. FOOD CRAVINGS, AVERSIONS AND PICA......Page 111
M. NUTRITION SERVICES......Page 112
B. COMPOSITION......Page 113
E. VITAMINS AND MINERALS......Page 114
F. VITAMIN AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENT......Page 115
I. EXERCISE......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
CONTENTS......Page 123
II. COMPOSITION AND TRENDS......Page 124
III. ESTABLISHMENT OF METABOLIC CHANGES......Page 125
A. OVERVIEW OF OC-INDUCED METABOLIC CHANGES......Page 126
IV. EFFECTS OF OCS ON VITAMIN NUTRITION......Page 127
A. IMPAIRMENT OF VITAMIN B6 STATUS......Page 129
B. IMPAIRMENT OF FOLATE STATUS......Page 134
C. IMPAIRMENT OF VITAMIN B12 STATUS......Page 135
D. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VITAMINS B6, B12 AND FOLATE......Page 136
A. BODY IRON STORES......Page 138
B. BONE HEALTH STATUS......Page 140
VI. IMPACT OF OCS ON NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 141
A. PERTINENCE OF ORAL SUPPLEMENTATION......Page 143
VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 147
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 157
B. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 158
C. TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 159
D. OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 160
E. CANCER......Page 161
IV. GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR MAINTAINING HEALTH AFTER MENOPAUSE A. WEIGHT CONTROL......Page 163
B. DIET......Page 165
C. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 166
D. STRESS MANAGEMENT......Page 168
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 170
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 207
II. DEFINITIONS......Page 208
III. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 209
IV. MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 210
A. GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 211
B. RENAL ABNORMALITIES......Page 213
C. SKELETAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 214
D. CARDIAC/LIPID ABNORMALITIES......Page 215
E. HEMATOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 216
G. ENDOCRINE COMPLICATIONS......Page 217
I. SELECTED NUTRITIONAL ABNORMALITIES......Page 219
V. TREATMENT......Page 221
A. NUTRITIONAL THERAPY......Page 223
VI. CONCLUSION......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
CONTENTS......Page 237
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 238
II. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA A. INTRODUCTION......Page 239
B. IRON AND ANEMIA......Page 240
C. CONSEQUENCES OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA......Page 241
D. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO IRON DEFICIENCY......Page 242
E. DIAGNOSIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA......Page 246
F. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT......Page 247
B. THE B VITAMINS AND ANEMIA......Page 251
C. CONSEQUENCES OF FOLATE AND VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY......Page 252
D. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY ANEMIA......Page 253
D. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA......Page 255
E. ASSESSING THE ETHOLOGY OF NUTRITIONAL MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA......Page 256
F. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT......Page 258
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 260
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 267
II. DEFINITIONS......Page 268
IV. MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 269
V. NONDIETARY RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 270
VI. DIETARY RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 271
VIII. NUTRITION, BONE DEVELOPMENT AND BONE CONSOLIDATION......Page 273
X. NUTRITION AND BONE MAINTENANCE IN LATE LIFE......Page 275
XI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 276
REFERENCES......Page 277
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 281
II. EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 282
A. GENDER-RELATED FACTORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK......Page 283
B. DIET RELATED RISK FACTORS......Page 285
IV. EFFECT OF DIET ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS A. FAT, CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACIDS......Page 290
B. PROTEIN......Page 294
C. OTHER FOOD COMPOUNDS......Page 295
V. PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 297
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DIETARY CHANGE......Page 298
VII. CONCLUSION......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 300
II. DIABETES MELLITUS: THE DISEASE A. DIAGNOSIS......Page 319
B. CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 321
C. PREVALENCE......Page 324
D. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN OBESITY AND DIABETES......Page 327
REFERENCES......Page 328
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 333
II. OSTEOARTHRITIS......Page 334
III. GOUT......Page 336
IV. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS......Page 338
V. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS......Page 340
VI. SCLERODERMA......Page 342
VII. SUMMARY......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 344
II. THYROID GLAND ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 349
III. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THYROID DISEASES......Page 350
IV. NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF THYROID GLAND FUNCTION......Page 352
A. THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS......Page 353
B. THYROID HORMONE REGULATION......Page 356
C. THYROID HORMONE FUNCTION......Page 357
D. ROLE IN GENE EXPRESSION......Page 358
V. SUMMARY......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
CONTENTS......Page 365
A. DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES......Page 366
C. NUTRITIONALLY MEDIATED FACTORS......Page 367
E. META-ANALYSES......Page 368
G. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES......Page 369
J. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION......Page 370
K. OTHER DIETARY FACTORS......Page 371
M. SUMMARY......Page 372
III. CERVICAL CANCER......Page 373
A. VITAMIN A AND CAROTENOIDS......Page 374
E. OTHER......Page 375
IV. ENDOMETRIAL CANCER......Page 376
V. OVARIAN CANCER......Page 378
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 380
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 389
II. MODELS OF OBESITY......Page 390
III. STANDARDS OF FATNESS......Page 393
IV. ARE WE EXPERIENCING AN OBESITY EPIDEMIC?......Page 394
V. SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ENERGY BALANCE......Page 396
VI. THE ROLE PLAYED BY GENETICS......Page 397
VII. HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH LEVEL OF FATNESS......Page 398
IX. SHIFTING THE FOCUS FROM WEIGHT LOSS TO WEIGHT MANAGEMENT......Page 400
A. FOOD AND MACRONUTRIENT RESTRICTIONS......Page 402
D. EXERCISE......Page 404
XI. LIMITED SUCCESS OF WEIGHT LOSS EFFORTS......Page 405
A. A FEW PEOPLE SUCCEED. WHAT IS THEIR SECRET?......Page 406
XII. APPROACHES BASED ON THE HEALTH-AT-ANY-SIZE MODEL......Page 407
XIII. PREVENTION OF OBESITY......Page 409
XIV. SUMMARY......Page 411
REFERENCES......Page 412
CONTENTS......Page 421
B. ADDITIONAL FACTORS......Page 422
B. OVERVIEW......Page 423
D. MACRONUTRIENTS......Page 424
E. MICRONUTRIENTS......Page 425
F. WEIGHT CONTROL ISSUES......Page 426
B. RECOMMENDED INTAKE......Page 427
C. IRON STATUS IN WOMEN WHO EXERCISE......Page 428
E. EFFECT OF PROTEIN INTAKE ON IRON STATUS......Page 429
IV. CALCIUM, HORMONES AND BONE DENSITY A. GENERAL INFORMATION......Page 430
C. RECOMMENDED INTAKE OF CALCIUM AND SUPPLEMENT ISSUES......Page 431
VI. DISORDERED EATING AND BODY COMPOSITION ISSUES A. DISORDERED EATING......Page 432
C. FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD......Page 433
B. DIET AND ERERCISE EFFECTS......Page 434
VIII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 436
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 443
B. PREVALENCE OF VEGETARIANISM......Page 444
A. PROTEIN......Page 445
B. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS......Page 446
C. IRON......Page 447
D. ZINC......Page 449
E. CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D......Page 450
F. VITAMIN B12......Page 452
A. PREGNANCY......Page 453
B. LACTATION AND INFANCY......Page 455
D. ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD......Page 457
E. MENOPAUSE......Page 458
A. CORONARY HEART DISEASE......Page 459
B. BREAST CANCER......Page 461
C. OVARIAN CANCER......Page 462
D. OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 463
E. OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT......Page 465
VI. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR VEGETARIAN WOMEN......Page 466
VII. CONCLUSION......Page 469
REFERENCES......Page 470
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 481
II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ACTIVE-DUTY MILITARY WOMEN......Page 482
III. PROFILE OF U.S. ARMY WOMEN......Page 483
IV. MILITARY NUTRITION STUDIES A. DESCRIPTION OF MILITARY NUTRITION STUDIES......Page 485
B. MILITARY RATIONS......Page 487
C. NUTRIENT INTAKES......Page 490
B. VITAMINS 1. FOLATE......Page 496
C. MINERALS......Page 497
VI. MILITARY NUTRITION INITIATIVES......Page 499
VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 502
REFERENCES......Page 503
Appendix: Dietary Reference Intakes: RDA, AI and UL......Page 509
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES: RDA, AI, AND UL......Page 510
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES: RDA, AI, AND UL (continued)......Page 512
A......Page 515
B......Page 516
C......Page 517
D......Page 519
E......Page 520
F......Page 521
G......Page 522
I......Page 523
L......Page 524
M......Page 525
O......Page 526
P......Page 527
R......Page 529
S......Page 530
U......Page 531
V......Page 532
W......Page 533
Z......Page 534