Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease

Front Cover......Page 1
Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 16
Preface to the First Edition......Page 20
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 22
A. Assessment Methods for Research and Practice......Page 24
II. Dietary Assessment Methods......Page 26
III. Dietary Assessment in Specific Situations......Page 35
IV. Dietary Assessment in Special Populations......Page 39
V. Selected Issues in Dietary Assessment Methods......Page 41
References......Page 45
I. Introduction......Page 64
II. Methods for Assessing Dietary Supplement Intake......Page 67
III. Dietary Supplement Composition Databases for Analysis of Dietary Supplement Intake......Page 71
IV. The Dietary Supplement Label......Page 73
V. Authoritative Information and Resources about Dietary Supplements......Page 74
References......Page 77
II. Components of Clinical Assessment......Page 80
III. Anthropometric Assessment......Page 81
IV. Body Composition Assessment......Page 85
V. Physical Manifestations of Malnutrition......Page 86
VI. Functional Assessment......Page 91
VII. Multicomponent Assessment Tools......Page 92
References......Page 93
II. Components of Energy Expenditure......Page 98
III. Total Energy Expenditure......Page 104
IV. Recommended Energy Intakes......Page 107
References......Page 108
B. Research and Applied Methods for Observational and Intervention Studies......Page 112
II. Broad Research Areas......Page 114
III. Evidence-Based Practice......Page 116
IV. Translational Research......Page 117
References......Page 118
I. Introduction......Page 120
II. Principles of Exposure Measurement in Nutritional Epidemiology......Page 122
III. Study Designs Used in Nutritional Epidemiology......Page 124
IV. Interpretation of Cause and Effect in Nutritional Epidemiology......Page 126
V. Obstacles to Finding Associations of Dietary Intake and Disease Risk......Page 128
References......Page 131
II. Analysis of Dietary Data......Page 136
III. Presentation of Data......Page 140
IV. Interpretation of Data......Page 141
References......Page 145
II. The Importance of Understanding Influences on Dietary Behavior......Page 150
V. Unique Features of Dietary Behavior to Consider When Using Theory......Page 151
VI. Important Theories and Their Key Constructs......Page 153
VIII. Constructs and Issues across Theories......Page 156
IX. Implications and Opportunities......Page 158
References......Page 159
II. Conceptual Models of Motivation......Page 162
III. Theories Used in Achieving Dietary Behavior Change in Clinical Trials......Page 163
References......Page 170
II. The Nutrition Education and Counseling Process......Page 172
III. The Teaching/Learning Process......Page 173
IV. Nutrition Education Techniques......Page 175
V. Behavior Change Techniques......Page 178
VI. Conclusion......Page 188
References......Page 189
II. Overview: Types of Nutrition Intervention Program Evaluations......Page 192
III. Outcomes or Endpoints Used to Assess Intervention Effectiveness......Page 193
IV. Design of Nutrition Intervention Evaluations......Page 194
V. Measurement Issues When Assessing Dietary Change and Other Intervention Outcomes......Page 197
VI. Dietary Assessment Instruments and Their Applicability for Intervention Evaluation......Page 199
References......Page 204
II. Biomarkers of Dietary Intake or Exposure......Page 210
III. Functional Biomarkers......Page 215
V. Criteria for Selecting and Using Biomarkers......Page 219
References......Page 221
A. Food and Nutrient Intake for Health......Page 226
II. Guidelines for Nutrient Adequacy and Safety......Page 228
III. Guidelines for Healthy Food Choices......Page 231
IV. Beyond Food and Nutrient Guidelines: Physical Activity Guidelines......Page 241
V. Summary......Page 243
References......Page 244
I. Background Considerations......Page 248
II. The Matter of Proof......Page 250
III. Approaches......Page 253
IV. Conclusion......Page 256
References......Page 257
II. Choline Metabolism and Biochemistry......Page 260
III. Choline in Foods and Dietary Requirements......Page 261
IV. Choline and Neural Development......Page 262
V. Long-Lasting Consequences of Prenatal Choline Availability......Page 265
References......Page 266
I. Introduction......Page 272
II. Antioxidants in Disease Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention......Page 277
III. Overall Conclusion and Discussion......Page 285
References......Page 286
I. Introduction......Page 292
II. Gender Differences in Dementia......Page 293
III. Oxidative Stress in Aging......Page 294
IV. Inflammation......Page 295
VI. Polyphenol Supplementation and Reductions of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation......Page 296
VII. Conclusion......Page 300
References......Page 301
I. Introduction......Page 312
II. Cataract......Page 316
III. Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 319
IV. Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 324
References......Page 327
II. Energy Requirements for Athletes......Page 340
III. Carbohydrate Requirements for Athletes......Page 343
IV. Protein Requirements for Athletes......Page 347
V. Micronutrient Requirements for Athletes......Page 348
VI. Fluid Requirements for Athletes......Page 349
VII. Nutrition and Training Adaptations......Page 353
References......Page 354
I. Introduction......Page 358
II. The Role of Nutrition in Preventing Developmental Problems......Page 359
III. The Functional Approach to Nutrition Assessment for Children with Special Needs......Page 363
IV. Evidence-Based Interventions for Selected Conditions......Page 367
References......Page 371
B. Overweight and Obesity......Page 376
II. Genetic Epidemiology of Human Obesity......Page 378
III. Gene-Environment Interactions......Page 379
V. The Obesity Gene Map......Page 380
VI. Single-Gene Obesity in Humans......Page 381
VIII. Evidence from Linkage Studies of Obesity Phenotypes......Page 384
IX. Studies of Candidate Genes for Obesity and Related Phenotypes......Page 385
X. Clinical Implications of the Discovery of Obesity Genes......Page 388
References......Page 389
II. Assessment of Overweight and Obesity......Page 394
III. Lifestyle Modification......Page 398
IV. Pharmaceutical Intervention......Page 402
V. Surgical Treatment......Page 405
VI. Special Issues in the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity......Page 406
VII. Acute Weight Loss versus Maintaining Long-Term Weight Loss......Page 407
References......Page 408
I. Introduction......Page 414
II. Current Physical Activity Recommendations for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain......Page 415
III. Relationship of Physical Activity to Obesity in Populations......Page 416
IV. Energy Expenditure and Etiology of Obesity......Page 418
V. Role of Physical Activity in Treatment (Weight Loss) of Overweight and Obesity: Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials......Page 419
VI. Conclusion......Page 424
References......Page 425
II. Fat Chance......Page 430
III. Establishing Causal Links......Page 432
IV. Is It Fat or Energy Density?......Page 435
V. Are Carbohydrates the Culprit Responsible for Overweight?......Page 436
VI. Energy Compensation for Fat and Sugar Substitutes......Page 439
VII. Protein Paradox......Page 441
References......Page 444
I. Introduction......Page 454
II. Physical activity......Page 455
III. Dietary Factors......Page 460
IV. Summary and Public Health Recommendations......Page 468
V. Conclusion......Page 469
References......Page 471
II. Does a Small Positive Energy Balance Lead to Substantive Weight Gain Over Time?......Page 480
III. Mechanisms for Dietary Approaches to Moderate Energy Balance......Page 482
References......Page 488
II. Variety......Page 492
III. Energy Density......Page 494
IV. Portion Size......Page 497
V. The Complex Eating Environment......Page 500
References......Page 502
C. Cardiovascular Disease......Page 506
I. Introduction......Page 508
II. Exogenous Lipoprotein Pathway......Page 509
III. Endogenous Lipoprotein Metabolism......Page 518
IV. Reverse Cholesterol Transport......Page 519
V. Conclusion......Page 525
References......Page 526
I. Introduction......Page 538
II. Dietary Fat......Page 539
III. Dietary Carbohydrate......Page 549
IV. Dietary Protein......Page 552
V. Alcohol......Page 554
VI. Dietary Cholesterol......Page 555
VII. Plant Sterols/Stanols......Page 556
VIII. Supplements......Page 557
IX. Food-Based Guidance......Page 558
References......Page 562
I. Introduction......Page 574
II. Individual Nutrients and Blood Pressure......Page 575
III. Other Dietary and Lifestyle Modifications......Page 583
IV. Current Recommendations and Implementation......Page 586
V. Summary......Page 587
References......Page 591
D. Diabetes Mellitus......Page 598
II. Definitions and Classifications of Obesity and Diabetes......Page 600
III. Why Are the Obese at Risk?......Page 603
References......Page 609
I. Introduction......Page 616
II. Energy Intake and Body Weight Management......Page 617
III. Macronutrient Intake......Page 618
IV. Selected Micronutrients......Page 622
References......Page 624
I. Introduction......Page 630
III. Complications......Page 632
IV. Nutrition Management......Page 633
V. Clinical Outcomes......Page 638
VI. Pharmacological Agents......Page 639
X. Conclusion......Page 640
References......Page 641
E. Cancer......Page 644
II. Background and Definitions......Page 646
III. Mechanisms of Diet–Gene Interactions......Page 648
IV. Methodological Issues......Page 651
V. Diet–Gene Interactions and Cancer......Page 653
References......Page 655
I. Introduction......Page 658
II. Nutritional Factors and Breast Cancer......Page 659
III. Endometrial Cancer......Page 666
IV. Ovarian Cancer......Page 669
V. Summary and Conclusion......Page 670
References......Page 671
I. Introduction......Page 682
II. Descriptive Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer......Page 683
III. Studies of Diet in Relation to Prostate Cancer......Page 684
IV. Genetics and Gene–Environment Interactions......Page 690
VI. Conclusion and Implications for Prevention and Treatment......Page 691
References......Page 692
I. Introduction......Page 706
II. Model 1: Bile Acids, Dietary Components......Page 708
III. Model 2: Cooked Foods......Page 712
V. Model 4: DNA Methylation......Page 713
VI. Model 5: Cell Growth Regulators......Page 714
VII. Food Intake Relationships......Page 715
VIII. Prevention of Colon Cancer......Page 717
References......Page 718
F. Gastrointestinal Health and Disease......Page 728
II. Distribution and Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microflora......Page 730
III. Bacterial Colonization, Succession, and Metabolism......Page 732
IV. Functions of the GI Tract Microflora......Page 734
V. Methodology for Studying Intestinal Microflora......Page 736
VI. Influence of Diet on Intestinal Microflora......Page 738
References......Page 743
II. Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 752
III. Short Bowel Syndrome......Page 766
IV. Conclusion......Page 772
References......Page 773
II. Lactose in the Diet......Page 778
IV. Loss of Lactase Activity......Page 779
V. Diagnosis of Lactose Maldigestion......Page 780
VII. Lactose Digestion, Calcium, and Osteoporosis......Page 783
VIII. Dietary Management for Lactose Maldigestion......Page 784
X. Summary......Page 788
References......Page 789
II. Symptoms of Celiac Disease......Page 794
III. Diagnosis of Celiac Disease......Page 798
IV. Treatment of Celiac Disease with a Gluten-Free Diet......Page 800
V. Management of the Complications of Celiac Disease......Page 802
VI. Summary......Page 803
References......Page 804
I. Overview of Cystic Fibrosis......Page 810
II. Malnutrition in Cystic Fibrosis......Page 812
III. Nutrition Assessment......Page 815
IV. Nutrition Management......Page 819
V. Conclusion......Page 822
References......Page 823
G. Bone Health and Disease......Page 828
I. Introduction......Page 830
II. Metabolism of Vitamin D......Page 831
III. Sources of Vitamin D......Page 836
IV. Vitamin D Nutritional Status Assessment......Page 840
V. Dietary Requirements......Page 848
VI. Safety of Vitamin D......Page 850
References......Page 851
II. Acquiring Peak Bone Mass and Bone Strength......Page 856
III. Skeletal Fragility in Children......Page 858
IV. Nutrition and Development of Peak Bone Mass......Page 860
References......Page 870
I. Introduction......Page 876
II. The Skeleton......Page 877
III. Adult Bone Maintenance......Page 881
IV. Diagnosis of Osteoporosis......Page 885
V. Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment......Page 887
VI. Conclusion......Page 889
References......Page 890
Appendix Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)......Page 894
Index......Page 900
Colour Plates......Page 914