Nutrition Guide for Physicians and Related Healthcare Professions

Preface
	References
Series Editor Pages
	Part One: Introduction
	Part Two: Nutritional Considerations Across the Lifespan
	Part Three: Nutrition for the Prevention and Management of Chronic Conditions
	Part Four: Dietary Patterns
	Part Five: Nutritional Requirements Following Surgery and Acute Disease
	Part Six: Food and Nutrient Health Effects
	Part Seven: Influencing Dietary Health Decisions
	Part Eight: Opinions Concerning Supplements
	Appendices
	Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Volume Editors
About the Series Editor
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	1: Nutrition Guide for Physicians and Related Healthcare Professionals
		References
Part II: Nutrition Considerations Across the Lifespan
	2: Pregnancy: Preparation for the Next Generation
		Introduction
		Nutrition in the Preconception Period
		Nutrition During Pregnancy
			Weight Gain in Pregnancy
			Energy and Macronutrient Needs During Pregnancy
			Vitamin and Mineral Needs During Pregnancy
			Substances to Limit or Avoid in Pregnancy
			Food Safety During Pregnancy
			Translating Nutrition Guidelines into Practical Advice About Food
		Special Concerns During Pregnancy
			Common Complaints
			High-Risk Pregnancies
			Nutrition for Lactation
			Nutrition for the Postpartum Period
			Referrals for Services
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	3: Infants: Transition from Breast to  Bottle to Solids
		What Is the Best Milk for an Infant?
		Nutrient Content of Breast Milk and Infant Formula
		Bioactivity of Human Milk and Formulas
		Health Benefits of Human Milk
		Transition to Solid Foods
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	4: Young Children: Preparing for the Future
		Introduction
		Monitoring Growth
		Assessing Growth and Nutrition Risk
		Pediatric Malnutrition
		Nutrition Guidance
			Energy and Nutrient Needs
			Dietary Guidance
		Healthy Eating Behaviors
		Nutrition Concerns During Childhood
			Childhood Obesity
			Food Insecurity
			Food Allergies and Sensitivities
			Iron Deficiency Anemia
			Dental Caries
			Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	5: Nutrition in Adolescence
		Nutrition, Growth, and Development
		Nutrition Behaviors and Their Effects on Nutritional Status
		Nutrition Concerns of Athletes
		Nutrition Management of Chronic Health Issues
			Overweight and Obesity
			Hypertension
			Hyperlipidemia
			Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome
			Nutrition Education and Counseling of Teens
		Summary
		References
	6: Nutrition Considerations of Girls and Women
		Introduction
		Specific Nutrient Considerations for Females
			Dietary Fat
			Iron
			Folate and Vitamin B12
			Calcium
		Premenstrual Symptoms, Dysmenorrhea, and Nutrition Associations
			Premenstrual Symptoms and Nutrition Associations
			Dysmenorrhea and Nutrition Associations
		Females, Body Dissatisfaction, and Nutrition
		Weight Management in Females
			Body Weight and Reproduction
			Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Loss Considerations
			The Female Athlete Triad
		Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
		Peri- and Postmenopausal Nutrition
		Urinary and Genital Tract Conditions
			Bacterial and Fungal Vaginosis
			Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
			Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	7: Nutrition and Aging: Meeting the Unique Needs of Older Adults
		Introduction
		Optimal Nutrition in Later Life
			General Nutrition Recommendations for Older Adults
			Energy-Yielding Nutrients and Alcohol
			Micronutrients: Vitamins, Minerals, and Trace Elements
			Water and Fiber
			Nutritional Supplements
		Causes of Nutritional Risk in Late Life
			Physiological Factors
			Psychological Factors
			Environmental/Social Factors
			COVID-19: A New Threat to the Well-Being of Older Adults
		Nutritional Concerns by Care Setting
			Hospitalized Older Adults
			Nutritional Concerns and Surgery
			Transitions from Hospital to Home or Skilled Nursing Facility
			Nutritional Issues in Long-Term Care
			Malnutrition in LTC
			Special Concerns for the Older Adult with Dementia
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	8: Dietary Considerations for Postmenopausal Women
		Introduction
		The Menopause Transition
		Changes in Cardiometabolic, Physical, and Psychosocial Health
			Cardiometabolic Health
			Physical and Psychosocial Health
				Vasomotor Symptoms
				Sleep Disturbances
				Mood Swings
				Social Isolation and Loneliness
			Bone Health
			Gastrointestinal Health
		Clinical Care Suggestions Throughout Menopause and Beyond
		COVID-19 Addendum
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
Part III: Nutrition for the Prevention and Management of Chronic Conditions
	9: Obesity: Understanding and Achieving a Healthy Weight
		Introduction
			Definition
			Prevalence of Obesity
			Centrally Located Body Fat
		Basic Facts About Obesity
			Etiology
			Pathology and Pathogenesis of Diseases Associated with Obesity
			Costs Associated with Obesity
		Treatment
			Components of a Comprehensive Program
			Diet
				Balanced Low-Calorie Diets
				Low-Carbohydrate/Keto Diets
				Low-Fat Diets
				Energy Density
				Portion-Controlled Diets
				Timed-Food Intake: Intermittent Fasting and Timed Meals
			Behavior Modification and Lifestyle Interventions
			Exercise
			Medications
				Noradrenergic Drugs (Many Trade Names)
				Drugs That Increase Intestinal VOLUME
					Gelesis
				Drugs That Modify Intestinal Absorption of Fat
					Orlistat (Marketed Worldwide as Xenical)
				Lorcaserin (Withdrawn in February 2020)
				Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor-1 Agonists
					Exenatide
					Liraglutide (Marketed as VictozaR for Diabetes at a Dose of 1.2 or 1.8 mg/d and as SaxendaR at a Dose of 3.0 mg/d for the Management of Obesity)
				Combination of Two Drugs for the Management of Obesity
					Combination of Topiramate and Phentermine: Extended Release
					Combination of Naltrexone-Bupropion: Sustained Release
				Best Practices for the Use of Medications Approved for the Management of Obesity
			Dietary Supplements Used to Manage Obesity
			Surgical Procedures for the Management of Obesity
				Surgical Procedures
				Criteria for Bariatric Surgery
				Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery
				Vagal Blockade
				Endoscopically Placed Balloons
				Liposuction
		Conclusion
		COVID-19 Addendum
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	10: Medical Nutrition Therapy for the  Treatment of Diabetes: Prioritizing Recommendations Based on Evidence
		Introduction
		Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) for Diabetes
			Definition of MNT
			Goals of MNT
			Effectiveness of MNT in the Management of Diabetes
			MNT and Glycemic Control
			Cardiovascular Risk Factor Mitigation
			Medication Use
			Weight Management
			Diabetes Prevention
			Quality of Life
		Recommendations for MNT Referrals and Encounters
			Who Should Be Referred?
			Frequency of Encounters
			Assessment During Encounters
			Follow-Up
		MNT Intervention
			Macronutrients
				Carbohydrate
				Protein
				Dietary Fat
			Micronutrients
			Other Nutritional Considerations
				Nonnutritive Sweeteners
				Fiber
				Alcohol
			Diabetes-Related Comorbidities
				Diabetic Kidney Disease
				Gastroparesis
				Cardiovascular Disease
		Summary and Conclusions
		COVID-19 Addendum
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	11: Bone Health: Sound Suggestions for Stronger Bones
		Introduction
		Calcium
			Dietary Calcium Requirements
			Calcium Sources
		Vitamin D
			Vitamin D Requirements
			Sources of Vitamin D
				Food
				Sunshine
				Supplements
				Safety
			Other Vitamins
		Protein
		Phosphorus
		Magnesium
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	12: Coronary Heart Disease: Nutritional Interventions for Prevention and Therapy
		Introduction
		Dietary Fat and CHD
			Fat Intake
			Saturated Fat and Dietary Cholesterol
			Trans Fats
			N-6 Polyunsaturated Fats and Monounsaturated Fats
			N-3 Polyunsaturated Fats
		Foods Rich in Carbohydrates
			Refined Carbohydrates
			Sugar
			Unrefined Cereals
		Meat
		Fruit and Vegetables
		Salt
		Alcohol
		Should We Recommend Dietary Supplements?
		Whole Diet Approaches to CHD Risk Reduction
		Obesity
		Physical Activity
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	13: Dietary Influences on Blood Pressure
		Introduction
		Blood Pressure and the Blood Glucose Relationship
		Body Weight
		Dietary Components and Their Effects on Blood Pressure
			Macronutrients
				Protein
				Fat
				Carbohydrates
			Micronutrients
				Sodium
				Potassium
				Calcium
				Magnesium
			Other Food Components
				Caffeine
				Alcohol
				Grapes, Wine, and Other Polyphenols
				Beet Root Juice
			Dietary Supplements
		Summary/Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	14: Diet, Physical Activity, and Cancer Prevention
		Introduction
		Overweight and Obesity
		Physical Activity
		Dietary Intake
			Recommendations
			Meat Consumption
			Lung Cancer and Beta-Carotene Supplements
			Alcohol
			Dietary Patterns
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
Part IV: Dietary Patterns
	15: The Mediterranean Diet: A Healthy Dietary Plan
		Introduction
		What Is a Mediterranean Diet?
		Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Health Outcomes
		Body Weight
			Diabetes
			Cardiovascular Effects
			The Metabolic Syndrome
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	16: The DASH Dietary Pattern
		Introduction
		Design of the Dash Dietary Pattern
		Effect of Dash on Blood Pressure and Hypertension
		Implementation of Dash
		Effect of Dash on the Risk of Other Chronic Diseases and Conditions
			DASH and Cardiovascular Diseases
			DASH and Kidney Diseases
			DASH and Cancer
			DASH, Cognitive Function, and Mental Health
		Practical Tips
		Conclusion
		References
	17: The Vegetarian/Flexitarian Diets
		Introduction
			Classifications and Overview
				Flexitarian Diet
				Pescatarian Diet
				Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian Diet
				Vegan Diet
				Other Vegetarian Diets
		Health Benefits of Vegetarian Diets
			Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
			Obesity
			Cancer
			Type 2 Diabetes
			Bone Health
		Health Benefits of Flexitarian Diets
		Nutrients in Vegetarian Diets
			Protein
			Carbohydrates and Fiber
			Fat
				Saturated Fatty Acids
				Omega-3 Fatty Acids
			Calcium
			Vitamin D
			Iron
			Zinc
			Vitamin B12
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	18: Where Do Carbohydrate-Restricted (Ketogenic) Diets Fit In?
		Introduction
		Carbohydrate-Restricted/Ketogenic/Atkins Diets
		Low-Fat Diets
		Mediterranean Diet
		Ketogenic/Low-Carb Diet Reversal of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
		Recommendations by Obesity Medicine and the American Diabetes Associations
		Which Diet/Lifestyle Is the Best?
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
Part V: Nutritional Requirements Following Surgery and Acute Disease
	19: Role of Nutrition in Understanding Common Gastrointestinal Disorders
		Introduction
		Eosinophilic Esophagitis
		Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Esophageal Cancer
		Peptic Ulceration
		Gastroparesis
		Bariatric Surgery
		Food Allergy
		Celiac Disease
		Constipation
		Diarrhea
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Dietary Therapy Based on Low FODMAP Ingestion
		Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
		Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
		Colorectal Cancer
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	20: Food Allergy and Intolerance: Diagnosis and Nutritional Management
		Introduction
		Food Allergy
			Types of Food Allergies
				IgE-Mediated FA
				Non-IgE-Mediated and Mixed-Type FA
			Diagnosis
				Detailed Clinical History
				Diagnostic Tests
				Other Diagnostic Tests
				Elimination Diets
				Oral Food Challenges (OFC)
				Alternative Tests
			Monitoring for Tolerance
			Nutritional Management
				General Dietary Recommendations for FA
				Managing Oral Allergy Syndrome
				Ingestion of Baked Cow’s Milk or Egg
			Prevention
			Emerging Therapeutic Options
		Food Intolerance
			Types of Food Intolerance
				Enzymatic Deficiencies or Transport Defects
				Reactions to Pharmacological Agents in Food
				Reactions to Food Additives
				Nonceliac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity
			Diagnosis
			Nutritional Management
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	21: Nutrition in Patients with Diseases of the Liver and Pancreas
		Introduction
		Patients with Liver Disease
		Patients with Pancreatic Disease
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	22: Nutrition Care for Kidney Disease and Related Disorders
		Introduction
		Common Disorders in CKD and Their Relationship to Nutrition
			Metabolic Acidosis
			Hyperkalemia
			Bone and Mineral Disorders
			Kidney-Gut Connection
		Medical Nutrition Therapy in Kidney Disease
		End-Stage Renal Disease
		Other Kidney Disorders
			Kidney Stones
			Gout
			Acute Kidney Injury
			Glomerulonephritis
			Implications of COVID-19 for Kidney Health and Nutrition
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	23: Eating Disorders: Disorders of Under- and Overnutrition
		Introduction
		Eating Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
			Anorexia Nervosa
			Bulimia Nervosa
			Binge Eating Disorder
			Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
			Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders
				Night Eating Syndrome
				Purging Disorder
				Atypical Anorexia Nervosa
				Bulimia Nervosa (of Low Frequency or Limited Duration)
				Binge Eating Disorder (of Low Frequency or Limited Duration)
			Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder
		Prevalence of Eating Disorders
		Behavioral Treatment for Eating Disorders
			Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa
				Anorexia Nervosa Inpatient Treatment
				Anorexia Nervosa Outpatient Treatment in Adolescents
				Anorexia Nervosa Outpatient Treatment in Adults
			Bulimia Nervosa
			Binge Eating Disorder
			Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
			Purging Disorder
			Night Eating Syndrome
		Pharmacological Treatment for Eating Disorders
		Prevention
		Conclusion
		COVID-19 Addendum
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	24: Nutritional Considerations Following Bariatric Surgery
		Introduction
		Bariatric Surgical Procedures
			Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG)
			Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB)
		Postoperative Dietary Recommendations
			General Dietary Guidelines
			Specific Rules on Eating
			Food Aversions and Intolerances
			Carbohydrates
			Protein
			Micronutrients
			Iron and Other Minerals
			Calcium and Vitamin D
			Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
			Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
			Alcohol
		Weight Regain
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	25: Nutrition and the Assessment of Sarcopenia
		Introduction
		Muscle Mass and Lean Body Mass
			Assessment of Muscle Mass
			Lean Body Mass
			Lean Body Mass and Functional Capacity
			Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Mass Oral Creatine Dilution
		Energy Needs During Aging: Effects on Sarcopenia
		Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism
			Muscle Protein Turnover
			Muscle Protein as the “Reservoir” of Amino Acids
			Mechanisms Responsible for Net Muscle Protein Loss
		Anabolic Resistance
		Nutritional Support for Sarcopenia Prevention
			Dietary Supplements and Protein Nutrition in Elderly
			Essential Amino Acids as Dietary Supplements
			Insulin and Protein Nutrition
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	26: Drug Interactions with Food and Beverages
		Introduction
		Medications to Be Taken on an Empty Stomach
		Specific Examples of Food–Drug Interactions
			Effects of Vitamin K on Warfarin Anticoagulation
			Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Tyramine
			Calcium Impairs Absorption of Certain Antibiotics
			Ginger Enhances Anticoagulant Effects
			Garlic Enhances Anticoagulant Effects and Reduces Protease Inhibitor Levels
			Soy Reduces Anticoagulant Effects
		Specific Examples of Food–Beverage Interactions
			Use of Acidic Beverages to Aid Drug Absorption
			Citrus Juice Inhibits Drug Metabolism
			Effect of Alcohol on Drug Action
			Effect of Caffeine on Drug Action
			Green Tea Reduces Anticoagulant Effects
			Cranberry Increases Anticoagulant Effects
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
Part VI: Food and Nutrient Health Effects
	27: Coffee Consumption and Its Impact on Health
		Introduction
		Total Mortality
		Cardiovascular Disease
			Blood Pressure and Blood Lipids
			Cardiovascular Disease
			Stroke
		Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome
		Cancer
		Neurological Diseases
		Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	28: Health Effects of Tea Consumption
		Introduction
		Green Tea Benefit for Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
		Benefits of Green Tea for Cardiovascular Disease
		Benefits of Green Tea for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
		Benefits of Green Tea for Neurodegenerative Diseases
		Benefits of Green Tea for Cancer
		Green Tea Effects May Be Variable in Different People
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	29: Dietary Fat: The Good, the Bad, and  What Is Best?
		Introduction
		Types of Fat
			General Characteristics
			Saturated Fatty Acids
			Unsaturated Fatty Acids
			N-6 and N-3 Fatty Acids
			Sterols, Stanols, and Cholesterol
			Trans-Fatty Acids
			Triacylglycerols
		Circulating Lipoproteins
		Dietary Fat and Health
			Trans-Fatty Acids
			SFA/MUFA/PUFA
			N-3 Fatty Acids (ALA, EPA, and DHA)
		Dietary Patterns
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	30: Demystifying Dietary Sugars
		Introduction
		Types of Sugar
			Chemical Classification
			“Total” versus “Added” or “Free” Sugars
			Sugars versus Complex Carbohydrates in the Context of Real Food
		Sugar, Obesity, and Metabolic Health
			Public Health Recommendations
			Common Sources of Sugar and Marketing
			Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
			Is Fructose Worse for Health?
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	31: Energy Drinks and Human Health: Information, Implications, and Safety
		Introduction
		Defining Energy Drinks: Intent Is to Be Difficult
			Marketing Strategy and Target Audience
		Composition of Energy Drinks
			Caffeine
			Sugar
			Taurine
			Electrolytes (Minerals)
			Vitamins
			Herbal Ingredients
		Health Considerations
			Promises and Performance
			Implications and Safety
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	32: Alcohol Consumption and Health
		Introduction
		A Look at Alcoholic Beverages
		Possible Beneficial Health Effects Associated with Alcohol Consumption
		Harmful Effects of Alcohol
		Effect of Alcohol on Total Mortality
		Phytochemicals in Alcoholic Beverages
		Fetal Alcohol Exposure
		Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alcohol Consumption
		Alcohol: What Advice Should a Healthcare Professional Give?
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	33: Dietary Fiber: All Fibers Are Not Alike
		Introduction
		Physical Effects of Fiber in the Small Intestine
			Type 2 Diabetes/Glycemic Control
			Cardiovascular Disease/Cholesterol Lowering
			Satiety/Weight Loss
		Large Bowel Effects
			Constipation/Diarrhea/Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
			Colorectal Cancer
		How to Avoid Fiber-Induced Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Enhance Compliance
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	34: The Essential Vitamins: From A to K
		Introduction
		The Vitamins: From A to K
			Vitamin A and β-Carotene
			The B Vitamins
				Thiamin
				Riboflavin
				Niacin
				Pantothenic Acid
				Vitamin B6
				Folate
			Vitamin B12
			Vitamin C
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin E
			Vitamin K
		Vitamins: How Much Do We Really Need?
			Recommendations for Vitamin Intakes in the General Healthy Population
			Vitamins in the Prevention and Management of Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases
			Vitamins as Epigenetic Modifiers
		Summary
		COVID-19 Addendum
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	35: Essential Minerals: Nutritional Requirements, Dietary Sources, and Deficiencies
		Introduction
		The Macrominerals
			Calcium
			Phosphorus
			Magnesium
			Sodium
			Potassium
			Chloride
		Microminerals
			Fluoride
			Iron
			Zinc
		Ultra-Trace Minerals
			Copper
			Iodine
			Selenium
			Chromium
			Other Trace Elements
		Essential Minerals: Supplements
		Summary
		COVID-19 Addendum
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	36: Nutrition and the Gut Microbiome
		Introduction
		Early Colonization of the Gastrointestinal Tract
			Infant Delivery Mode
			Infant Feeding
				Antibiotics
			Maternal Diet
			Other Factors
		Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiome
			Diet
			Medications
			Stress
		Nutritional Modulation of the Gut Microbiome
			Overview
			Probiotics
			Prebiotics
			Fermented Foods
			Nutritional-Targeted Gut Microbiome Reprogramming and Chronic Diseases
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
Part VII: Influencing Dietary Health Decisions
	37: How to Create Nutritional Behavior Change
		The Importance of Behavior in Nutrition
		Eating Behavior and Food Choice
		Behavior Change and Behavior Change Techniques
		The Selection of Behavior Change Techniques
		The Effectiveness of Behavior Change Techniques
		The Value of Behavior Change Techniques
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	38: Nutritional Status: An Overview of Methods for Assessment
		Introduction
		Principles of Nutritional Assessment
			Food Frequency Questionnaires: Diet History Questionnaires
			Diet and Lifestyle History
			Assessing Current Dietary Intake
			Underreporting of Dietary Intake
			Physical Examination
			Body Composition Analyses
			Laboratory Tests
		Special Concerns by Age
			Adolescents
			Elderly
			Food Access and/or Food Security
			Other Areas of Concern
		Healthy Eating Index
		Conclusion
		COVID-19 Addendum
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	39: Dietary Reference Intakes: Cutting Through the Confusion
		Introduction
		The Dietary Reference Intakes
			Estimated Average Requirement
			Recommended Dietary Allowance
			Adequate Intake
			Tolerable Upper Level Intake
			Estimated Energy Requirement
			Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
		Limits and Uses of the DRI
			Limits
			General Guidelines for Diet Assessment of Individuals
		DRI and the Consumer
		Summary
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	40: New Concepts in Nutritional Science: Food Not Nutrients
		The Concept of Food Synergy
		Single Substances That Are Linked to Health Disorders
		An Overview of the Diet
			Fruit and Vegetables
			Whole Grains
			Meat, Fish, Legumes, and Nuts
			Milk and Dairy Products
			Food and the Environment
			Dietary Supplements
		Food Guides
			MyPlate
			DASH Eating Plan
			Mediterranean Diet
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	41: Food Labels and Sources of Nutrients: Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff
		The Nutrition Facts Label
		Using the Nutrition Facts Label
		Front-of-Package Food Labels
		Health Claims
			Health Claims on Food Labels
			Using Labels to Make Misleading Implicit Health Claims
		Major Nutrient Contributions of the Food Groups and of Various Foods
		Food Sources of Select Nutrients
			Lipids
			Dietary Fiber
			Vitamins and Minerals
			Phytochemicals
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
Part VIII: Opinions Concerning Supplements
	42: Supplements to Our Diets: Navigating a Minefield
		Introduction
		Common Supplements
			Vitamins and Minerals
			Antioxidants
			Probiotics
			Herbs
			Supplements Promoted to Stimulate Detoxification and the Immune System
			Glucosamine and Chondroitin
			Prevagen
			CoQ
			Weight-Loss Products
			A Repeating Story
			Potential Hazards from Supplements
		How Dietary Supplements Are Marketed
			Direct Contact with Consumers
			Multilevel Marketing
			Advertising
		Regulations on the Marketing of Supplements
			The USA
			Canada
		Helping Patients Make Informed Choices About Dietary Supplements
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
	43: Examples of False and Misleading Information
		Introduction
		The Case of Dr. Oz
		Weight-Loss Treatments
		Blood Types and Health
		Detoxification
		Training Programs for Nutritionists
		The Problem of Food Companies Interfering in Scientific Research
		Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Further Readings
Part IX: Final Thoughts
	44: Postscript
		References
Appendix A: Aids to Calculations
	Weight
	Length
	Volume
	Temperature
	Energy
	Energy in Food Components (Kcal per Gram)
	Body Mass Index (BMI)
Appendix B: Sources of Reliable Information on Nutrition
	Books
	Internet Websites
Index