Nutrition, Immunity and Infection

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Foreword......Page 11
C......Page 13
G......Page 14
M......Page 15
R......Page 16
X......Page 17
1.2 Interaction and Synergism of Nutrition, Immunity and Infection......Page 19
1.3 Historical Background to the Study of the Interactions of Nutrition and Infection......Page 20
1.4 Rationale for the Book......Page 22
1.5 Structure of the Book......Page 23
2.2 The Defence Mechanisms of the Body......Page 24
2.3 Physical Barriers to Infectious Agents or Pathogens......Page 28
2.4 Inflammation and Innate Immunity......Page 29
2.5 Adaptive or Acquired Immunity......Page 33
2.6 Immunization......Page 39
3.2 Energy and Protein......Page 41
3.3 Fats and Fatty Acids......Page 47
3.4 Vitamin A and the Immune Response......Page 48
3.5 Iron and the Immune Response......Page 51
3.6 Zinc and the Immune Response......Page 53
3.7 Other Micronutrients and Immune Function......Page 54
3.8 Nutrients and Cytokines......Page 56
4.1 Introduction......Page 58
4.2 Severe Undernutrition and Changes in the Host’s Defence Systems......Page 61
4.3 Changes in Immune Function in Intrauterine Growth Retardation......Page 65
4.4 Changes in Immune Function seen in Protein–Energy Malnutrition in Children......Page 67
4.5 Undernutrition and the Increased Risk of Infection......Page 69
4.7 Tests of Immunocompetence in Undernutrition......Page 70
5.2 Infection and Immediate Causation of Undernutrition in Children......Page 75
5.3 Effect of Infection on the Nutritional Status of the Host......Page 76
5.4 Infections that Predispose to Poor Nutrition Status and Undernutrition......Page 82
6.1 Introduction......Page 91
6.2 Vitamin A and Its Role in Immune Function......Page 92
6.3 Vitamin A Deficiency and Risk of Morbidity and Mortality due to Infections......Page 95
6.4 Vitamin A Supplementation on Mortality, Morbidity and Resistance to Infections......Page 97
6.5 Vitamin A Supplementation during Acute Illness......Page 99
6.6 Effects of Infections on Vitamin A Status......Page 100
7.1 Introduction......Page 106
7.2 Iron Deficiency and Immune Function......Page 108
7.3 Iron Deficiency and Increased Risk of Infection......Page 110
7.4 Iron Deficiency and Reduced Risk of Infection......Page 111
7.5 Iron Deficiency, Iron Supplementation and Risk of Infection......Page 113
7.6 Iron Overload and Immunity......Page 115
8.1 Introduction......Page 119
8.2 Zinc and Immune Function......Page 122
8.3 Zinc Deficiency and Risk of Infection......Page 124
8.4 Zinc Supplementation and Its Effects on Infectious Disease Risk......Page 125
8.5 Zinc as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Infections......Page 127
8.6 Zinc Toxicity......Page 128
9.2 HIV Infection and the Immune System......Page 132
9.3 Nutrition and HIV Infections and AIDS......Page 135
9.4 Nutrition and Tuberculosis......Page 142
10.1 Introduction......Page 149
10.2 Undernutrition, Micronutrient Deficiencies and Infections in Infancy and Childhood......Page 150
10.3 Nutritional Interventions and Infections in Childhood......Page 154
11.2 Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight......Page 159
11.3 Nutrition, Maternal Mortality and Morbidity......Page 166
12.1 Introduction......Page 171
12.2 Changes in Immune Function with Ageing......Page 172
12.3 Changes in Nutritional Status with Ageing......Page 174
12.4 Effects of Nutrient Supplementation on Immune Function in the Elderly......Page 176
12.6 Immune Function in Severe Malnutrition in the Elderly......Page 178
13.2 Nutrition, Immunity and Cancer......Page 182
13.3 Nutrition and Autoimmune Diseases......Page 186
13.4 Nutrition, Immunity and Other Chronic Diseases......Page 188
14.1 Introduction......Page 190
14.2 Probiotics......Page 191
14.3 Prebiotics......Page 196
14.4 Synbiotics......Page 197
15.1 Introduction......Page 199
15.2 Mechanism of Immune-mediated Food Allergy......Page 200
15.3 Manifestations of Food Allergy......Page 202
15.4 Foods that Cause Allergic Reactions and Their Properties......Page 203
15.6 Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy......Page 205
Source Material......Page 209
A......Page 217
C......Page 218
H......Page 219
L......Page 220
N......Page 221
T......Page 222
Z......Page 223