Nutrient management for energy efficiency

GIS Applications in Agriculture. Volume Two: Nutrient Management for Energy Efficiency......Page 1
GIS Applications in Agriculture\r......Page 2
GIS Applications in Agriculture. Volume Two: Nutrient Management for Energy Efficiency......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Series Preface......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Editors......Page 11
Contributors......Page 12
1.1 Executive Summary......Page 16
1.2 Energy and Climate T rends......Page 17
1.3 Agricultural Nutrient Use Efficiency and Biofuels......Page 20
1.4 Land Limitations and Global Agricultural Production......Page 26
References......Page 29
2.1 Executive Summary......Page 33
2.2.1 Precision Farming and Energy Eff iciency......Page 34
2.2.2 Life-Cycle Assessment......Page 35
2.4 Step-by-Step Guide to Calculate Energy Gains......Page 36
2.5 Results and Discussion......Page 38
2.5.1 Wisdom of Ethanol Production......Page 39
References......Page 41
3.1 Executive Summary......Page 44
3.2.1 Evolution of Soil Management in South Brazil......Page 45
3.2.2 Adoption of Precision Farming in Southern Brazil......Page 46
3.3 Methods and Main Equipments and Procedures Used......Page 47
3.4.1 Soil Variability in Southern Brazil Fields......Page 51
3.4.2 Variable-Rate Phosphorus, Potassium, and Lime Applications......Page 54
3.4.3 Temporal Variability in Soil Nutrients......Page 57
3.4.4 Phosphorus and Potassium App arent Soil Buff erCapacity Determined by Nutrient Balance......Page 58
3.4.5 Variabl e-Rate Nitrogen Fertilization in Real Time Using Optical Spectroscopy......Page 61
3.4.6 Yield Maps as a Tool to Improve Soil Management......Page 64
3.5 Conclusions......Page 70
References......Page 72
4.1 Executive Summary......Page 74
4.2.1 Sampling Patterns......Page 75
4.2.2 Causes of Sampling Errors......Page 77
4.2.3 Collecting Composite Samples and Grid Density......Page 78
4.2.4 Interpolation Techniques......Page 82
4.3 Summary......Page 91
References......Page 92
5.1 Executive Summary......Page 94
5.3 Getting Started with W SS......Page 95
5.3.1 Navigating and Defining the AOI......Page 96
5.3.2 Generating a Soil Map......Page 98
5.3.3.1 Intro to Soils......Page 99
5.4 Using Soil Spatial and A ttribute Data in GIS......Page 104
5.4.1 Joining Attribute to Spatial Data......Page 107
5.4.2 Creating Map Layer Symbology......Page 108
5.4.3 Performing Spatial Joins and Exporting Attribute Data......Page 109
5.5 Conclusion......Page 110
Refe rences......Page 111
6.1 Executive Summary......Page 113
6.2 Introduction......Page 114
6.3.1 Extracting the Field Parameters......Page 115
6.3.2 NDVI and Calculating the NSI......Page 116
6.3.3 Background Knowl edge about Soil and PlantStatus Needed to Determine N Needs......Page 117
6.3.4 FIS for Estimating Spatial N Needs......Page 118
6.3.4.1 Design of the FIS......Page 120
6.3.5 Step-by-Step Exercises Using ArcGIS 9.2......Page 121
6.4 Results......Page 130
References......Page 131
7.1 Executive Summary......Page 134
7.2 Introduction......Page 135
7.3.2 Digital Northern Great Plains......Page 136
7.3.3 Zone Mapp ing: Precision Farming......Page 138
7.4.1 DNGP......Page 139
7.4.2 ZoneMAP......Page 140
References......Page 144
8.1 Executive Summary......Page 145
8.3 Methods......Page 146
8.3.1 Algorithm Development......Page 147
8.3.3 Example Field Data......Page 151
8.4 Results......Page 153
References......Page 156
9.1 Executive Summary......Page 157
9.3.2 Management Zones......Page 158
9.3.4 As-Applied Maps......Page 160
9.4.2 In-Cab Computer/Controll er......Page 161
9.4.4 Equipment for Precision Appl ication of Liquid Manure......Page 162
9.4.5 Commercial Equipment Options......Page 163
References......Page 165
10.1 Executive Summary......Page 166
10.2.1 Corn Productivity and Plant Populations......Page 167
10.2.2 Plant Population Case Study: Model Derivation......Page 168
10.2.3 S tep-by-Step Guide for Developing a Site-SpecificPopulation Equation......Page 173
10.3 Implementing On- Farm Research......Page 178
References......Page 179
11.1 Executive Summary......Page 181
11.2 Introduction......Page 182
11.3.2 App arent Electrical Conductivity Mapping......Page 184
11.3.4 Estimation of Soil TAWC in EC a-Defined Management Zones......Page 185
11.3.5 Soil Water Balance......Page 186
11.4.2 Soil Water Balance and Its Application for Irrigation Scheduling......Page 188
11.4.3 Comparison of VRI and URI Key Performance Indicators......Page 194
11.5 Conclusion......Page 196
Appendix......Page 197
References......Page 198
Contents......Page 199
12.2.1 Calculating Carbon Turnover in Nonisotopic Experiments......Page 200
12.3 Case Study 1: Determining Mineralization Rate Constants on Data Reported b y Larson e t al.......Page 202
12.4 Case Study 2: Landscape Positions Impact on Carbon Turnover at Stratton, Colorado......Page 206
12.5 Case Study 3: Landscape Impacts on C Turnover at Sterling......Page 211
12.6.1 Rate Constants Are Known......Page 213
12.7 Summary......Page 214
References......Page 215
Contents......Page 217
13.2 Introduction......Page 218
13.3.1 Off setting Emission......Page 219
13.3.2 Trading Carbon Credits......Page 220
13.3.3 Upscaling the Soil Processes at Landscape and Watershed Scales......Page 221
13.4.1 Statistical Methods......Page 222
13.4.2 Geostatistical Methods......Page 225
13.5.1 Topographic Attributes......Page 226
13.5.2 Remote Sensing Data......Page 227
13.5.5 Summary of Data Sources and Types......Page 228
13.7 Case Study: Predicting SOC at a Regional Scale......Page 229
13.7.2 Environmental Variabl es......Page 230
13.7.3 Data Modeling and SOC Pool Estimation......Page 231
13.7.5 Results and Discussion......Page 232
13.7.6 Step-by-Step Procedure to Generate SOC Map......Page 234
13.8 Conclusions......Page 235
References......Page 236
14.1 Executive Summary......Page 242
14.2 Introduction......Page 243
14.3 Methods......Page 244
14.3.1 Determination of Soil and Crop Residue Organic Carbon......Page 245
14.3.2 Soil Carbon Loss due to Tillage......Page 246
14.3.3 Quantifying Soil Carbon Loss......Page 247
14.4.1 Tillage Depth Effects on Soil Organic Carbon......Page 248
14.4.3 Tillage Effect on Soil Carbon Loss......Page 250
14.4.4 Soil Organic Carbon Pool Loss......Page 254
14.4.5 Tillage Impact on Mineralizable C......Page 256
14.5 Conclusions......Page 257
14.6 Calculating Mineralizable C and the Michaelis? Menten Constant......Page 258
References......Page 259
15.1 Executive Summary......Page 262
15.2.1 Inca Agricultural System......Page 263
15.2.2 Andean Foods Produced......Page 264
15.2.3 Managing Erosion and Increasing Soil Temperatures: Terraces......Page 265
15.2.4 Protecting Crops from Frost Damage at HighElevation: Camell ones......Page 266
15.3 Consequences of Not Adopting Sustainable Practices......Page 267
Acknowledgments......Page 268
References......Page 269
16.1 Executive Summary......Page 271
16.2.1 Composting Process......Page 272
16.3 Materials and Methods......Page 274
16.4 Energy Requirements of Composting vs. Handling Fresh Manure......Page 275
References......Page 280
Contents......Page 282
17.2 Introduction......Page 283
17.3.1 Study Area......Page 284
17.3.3 Geospatial Analysis......Page 285
17.4.2 Calculation of Total Flux for the Entire Pasture by the Traditional App roach......Page 287
17.4.3 Calculation of Total Flux for the Entire Pastureby the GIS Approach......Page 288
17.4.4 Comparison between TA and GIS Approachesin Calculating Total Flux in the Pasture......Page 289
17.5.1 What You Need: Software and Data......Page 290
17.5.2 Production of Interpolated Maps in ARCGIS 9.2......Page 295
17.5.4 Classification of Maps Using MultispecW32......Page 298
17.5.5.1 Traditional Approach......Page 302
17.6 Conclusion......Page 303
References......Page 304
Contents......Page 305
18.2.1 Nitrogen Concerns......Page 306
18.2.2 Estimating Optimum N Rates for Maize......Page 307
18.2.3 Temporal and Spatial N Dynamics......Page 308
18.3.1 Objectives and Approach......Page 309
18.3.3 Using Models for N Management......Page 310
18.3.4.1 Mass-Balance Inputs......Page 311
18.3.4.3 Soil Survey Data......Page 312
18.3.4.4 Soil Organic Carbon from NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy......Page 313
18.3.4.5 PNM Model Simulations......Page 314
18.4.1 Rootzone N in Early Season......Page 315
18.4.2 Rootzone N Mineralization in Late Season......Page 316
18.4.3 Price Ratio Correction......Page 317
18.5 Discussion......Page 318
References......Page 320
19.1 Executive Summary......Page 324
19.2 Introduction......Page 325
19.3.1 Grain Yield and Protein Mapp ing......Page 326
19.3.2 Preparing Data for Analysis......Page 327
19.3.4 Computing Nitrogen Removed in Grain......Page 329
19.3.5 Computing Local Neighborhood Correlation......Page 330
19.4.1 Maps of Grain Yield and Grain Protein......Page 331
19.4.3 Map of Nitrogen Removed......Page 332
19.6 Step - by- Step Exercise with Surfer......Page 334
References......Page 337
20.1 Executive Summary......Page 339
20.2 Introduction......Page 340
20.3.2 Slow or Controll ed Release......Page 342
20.3.3 Inhibitors: Urease and Nitrification......Page 344
20.3.4 Yield Goal......Page 345
20.3.5 Soil Testing: Preplant and Pre-Sidedress Nitrate......Page 346
20.3.6 Plant Tissue Testing and Tiller Density......Page 347
20.4.1 Management Zones......Page 348
20.4.4 Light: CM and Optical Sensors......Page 349
20.5 Case Studies : Calculating N Rates in Areas with Different Yields......Page 352
20.6 Summary......Page 354
References......Page 355
Contents......Page 360
21.2 Background......Page 361
21.3.1 Methods......Page 365
21.3.2 Results......Page 366
21.4.1 Methods......Page 368
21.4.2 Results......Page 369
21.5.1 Methods......Page 370
21.5.2 Results......Page 371
21.6.1 Background......Page 373
21.6.2 Methods......Page 374
21.6.3 Results......Page 376
21.7.1 Background......Page 379
21.7.2 Methods......Page 380
21.7.3 Results......Page 381
21.8 Conclusions......Page 382
References......Page 383
22.2 Introduction......Page 386
22.3 National Scale......Page 388
22.4 Local Scale......Page 390
22.5 Field Scale......Page 391
22.6 Conclusions......Page 393
References......Page 394
23.1 Executive Summary......Page 396
23.3 Case Study 1: Estimating Nonpoint Nitrate Flux into a Shallow Aquifer......Page 397
23.3.1 Methods......Page 398
23.3.1.1 Model Validation......Page 400
23.3.1.3 GIS Application......Page 402
23.3.2 Results......Page 403
23.4 Case Study 2: Estimated Biomass Fee dstock Yield and Net Energy Delivery in a Fuelshed......Page 405
23.4.1 Methods......Page 406
23.4.2 Results......Page 409
23.5 Conclusions......Page 412
Appendix......Page 413
References......Page 422
24.1 Executive Summary......Page 426
24.2.1 Data Sources Used in Exercise......Page 427
24.2.2 Productivity Index......Page 428
24.3.1 Important Tips for Using the PI Workbook......Page 429
24.3.2 Retrieving Data from Web Soil Survey and Populating SPIC......Page 430
24.4 Using the BESS Model to Calculate Energy Gains or Losses......Page 435
24.5 Using ARCGIS to Create Field-Scale Maps......Page 438
24.6 Conclusion......Page 442
References......Page 443