Nutraceuticals Production from Plant Cell Factory

Preface\nContents\nPart I: Theory and Technology\n	1: Nutraceutical Compounds, Classification, Biosynthesis, and Function\n		1.1 Introduction\n		1.2 Current Trend of Nutraceutical Research and Nutraceutical Market\n		1.3 Classification of Plant-derived Nutraceuticals\n			1.3.1 Polyphenols\n				1.3.1.1 Phenolic Acids\n				1.3.1.2 Flavonoids\n				1.3.1.3 Tannins\n				1.3.1.4 Coumarins\n				1.3.1.5 Stilbenes\n				1.3.1.6 Curcuminoids\n				1.3.1.7 Xanthones\n				1.3.1.8 Lignans\n			1.3.2 Carotenoids\n			1.3.3 Amino Acids and Related Compounds\n			1.3.4 Alkaloids\n			1.3.5 Steroids, Triterpenoids, and Saponins\n		1.4 Biosynthesis of Nutraceuticals\n		1.5 Biological Functions and Pharmaceutical Activities of Nutraceuticals\n		1.6 Pharmacokinetics and Advanced Drug Delivery Systems Related to Nutraceuticals\n		1.7 Research Trends, Natural Abundance, Sustainable Utilization, and New Technologies for the Production of Nutraceuticals\n		1.8 Conclusions and Future Recommendations\n		References\n	2: In Vitro Production of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Cell Culture\n		2.1 Introduction\n		2.2 Production and Optimization of Bioactive Molecules Using Cell Cultures\n			2.2.1 Selection of Cell Lines\n			2.2.2 Optimization of Culture Media and Culture Conditions\n				2.2.2.1 Different Media\n				2.2.2.2 Medium Strength\n				2.2.2.3 Inoculum Density\n				2.2.2.4 Carbon Source\n				2.2.2.5 Nitrogen Source\n				2.2.2.6 Phosphate Levels\n				2.2.2.7 Plant Growth Regulators\n				2.2.2.8 Temperature\n				2.2.2.9 pH\n				2.2.2.10 Light Irradiation\n			2.2.3 Precursor Feeding\n			2.2.4 Permeabilization\n		2.3 Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites\n		2.4 Metabolomics of Plant Secondary Metabolites\n			2.4.1 Upregulation (Overexpression)\n			2.4.2 Downregulation (Silencing)\n		2.5 Role of CRISPR-Cas9 in Secondary Metabolite Synthesis\n		2.6 Large-Scale Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites (Bioreactor Scale)\n		2.7 Elicitation for Production of Secondary Metabolites\n			2.7.1 Abiotic Elicitor\n				2.7.1.1 Light as Physical Elicitor\n				2.7.1.2 Salinity Stress as Elicitor\n				2.7.1.3 Heavy Metal as Elicitors\n				2.7.1.4 Thermal Stress as Elicitor\n				2.7.1.5 Signaling Molecules as Elicitors\n			2.7.2 Biotic Elicitors\n		2.8 Commercial Aspects\n		2.9 Conclusion and Recommendations\n		References\n	3: Scale-Up Production of Bioactive Compounds Using Bioreactors\n		3.1 Introduction\n		3.2 Bioreactors\n		3.3 Bioreactor Design\n		3.4 Factors Affecting Bioactive Production in Bioreactors\n			3.4.1 Ventilation and Availability of Dissolved Oxygen\n			3.4.2 Mixing of Liquid Medium\n			3.4.3 Medium pH\n			3.4.4 Availability of Nutrients\n		3.5 Case Studies of Medicinal Plants\n			3.5.1 Catharanthus roseus\n			3.5.2 Panax ginseng\n			3.5.3 Artemisia annua L\n			3.5.4 Bacopa monnieri\n		3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations\n		References\n	4: Factors Affecting In Vitro Production of Nutraceuticals\n		4.1 Introduction\n		4.2 Factors Affecting the Production of Nutraceutical Compounds\n			4.2.1 Optimization of Cultural Conditions\n			4.2.2 Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)\n			4.2.3 Light and Temperature\n			4.2.4 Elicitors\n			4.2.5 Genetic Transformation or Hairy Root Culture\n		4.3 Challenges Faced in in Vitro Culture Technique\n		4.4 Conclusion\n		References\nPart II: In Vitro Production of Nutraceutical Compounds\n	5: In Vitro Production of Phenolic Compound\n		5.1 Introduction\n		5.2 Biological Activities (Major) and Biosynthesis Pathway of Phenolic Compounds\n		5.3 In Vitro Cultures as Source for Phenolic Compounds\n			5.3.1 Medium Optimization\n			5.3.2 Plant Growth Regulators\n			5.3.3 Permeabilization\n			5.3.4 Elicitation\n			5.3.5 Hairy Root Culture\n		5.4 Extraction and Detection Techniques\n		5.5 Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n		5.6 Conclusions\n		References\n	6: In Vitro Production of Alkaloids\n		6.1 Introduction\n		6.2 Biosynthetic Pathway\n		6.3 In Vitro Production Methodology\n		6.4 Scale-Up Techniques and Bioreactors\n		6.5 Extraction and Detection Techniques\n		6.6 Biological Activities\n			6.6.1 Biological Activities of Pyridine Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.2 Biological Activities of Tropane Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.3 Biological Activities of Quinoline Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.4 Biological Activities of Isoquinoline Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.5 Biological Activities of Phenanthrene Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.6 Biological Activities of Phenylethylamine Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.7 Biological Activities of Indole Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.8 Biological Activities of Purine Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.9 Biological Activities of Imidazole Alkaloids Group\n			6.6.10 Biological Activities of Terpenoid Alkaloids Group\n		6.7 Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n		6.8 Conclusions and Recommendations\n		References\n	7: In Vitro Production of Coumarins\n		7.1 Introduction\n		7.2 Biosynthesis Pathway\n		7.3 In Vitro Production Methodology\n		7.4 Scale-Up Techniques and Bioreactors\n		7.5 Extraction and Detection Techniques\n		7.6 Biological Activities\n		7.7 Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n		7.8 Conclusions and Recommendations\n		References\n	8: In Vitro Production of Terpenoids\n		8.1 Introduction\n		8.2 Biosynthesis Pathway\n		8.3 In Vitro Production Methodology\n		8.4 Scale-up Techniques and Bioreactors\n		8.5 Extraction and Detection Techniques\n		8.6 Biological Activities\n		8.7 Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n			8.7.1 Environment and Ecology\n			8.7.2 Therapeutic, Perfumery, Food, Flavor\n			8.7.3 Fuel\n		8.8 Conclusions\n		References\n	9: In Vitro Production of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids\n		9.1 Introduction\n		9.2 Biosynthesis Pathway\n		9.3 In Vitro Production Methodology\n		9.4 Scale-Up Techniques and Bioreactors\n		9.5 Stability of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids\n		9.6 Extraction and Detection Techniques\n			9.6.1 Extraction of Anthocyanin\n			9.6.2 Extraction of Carotenoids\n		9.7 Analytical Methods\n			9.7.1 Liquid Chromatography (LC)\n			9.7.2 Mass Spectrometry (MS)\n		9.8 Bioavailability and Biological Activities\n			9.8.1 Anthocyanins\n			9.8.2 Carotenoids\n		9.9 Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n			9.9.1 Anthocyanins\n			9.9.2 Carotenoids\n		9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations\n		References\n	10: In Vitro Production of Saponins\n		10.1 Introduction\n		10.2 Biosynthesis of Saponins\n		10.3 In Vitro Production  of Saponins\n			10.3.1 Shoot Culture\n			10.3.2 Callus Culture\n			10.3.3 Cell Suspension Culture\n			10.3.4 Adventitious Root Culture\n			10.3.5 Hairy Root Culture\n		10.4 Bioreactors: Scale-up Techniques\n		10.5 Extraction and Detection Techniques of Saponins\n			10.5.1 Extraction Techniques of Saponins\n				10.5.1.1 Conventional Methods\n				10.5.1.2 Advanced Techniques\n			10.5.2 Techniques for Detection of Saponins\n		10.6 Biological Activities of Saponins\n			10.6.1 Anti-tumor Activity\n			10.6.2 Anti-hyperglycemic Activity\n			10.6.3 Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity\n		10.7 Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n		10.8 Conclusion and Recommendation\n		References\n	11: In Vitro Production of Steroids\n		11.1 Introduction\n			11.1.1 Chemical Structure of Steroids\n		11.2 Biosynthesis Pathway\n		11.3 In Vitro Production Methodology\n		11.4 Scale-up Techniques and Bioreactors\n		11.5 Extraction and Detection Techniques\n		11.6 Biological Activities (Major)\n		11.7 Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n		11.8 Conclusions and Recommendations\n		References\n	12: In Vitro Production of Tocopherols\n		12.1 Introduction\n		12.2 Biosynthesis of Tocopherols\n			12.2.1 p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase\n			12.2.2 Homogentisate Phytyltransferase\n			12.2.3 Tocopherol Cyclase\n			12.2.4 Methyltransferases\n		12.3 Production of Tocopherol From Cell and Organ Cultures\n		12.4 Metabolic Engineering Studies for Enhanced Production of Tocopherol\n		12.5 Extraction and Detection Techniques of Tocopherols From Plant Samples\n		12.6 Biological Activity of Tocopherols\n		12.7 Commercial Applications of Tocopherol\n		12.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects\n		References\n	13: In Vitro Production of Phytosterols\n		13.1 Introduction\n		13.2 Phytosterols Biosynthetic Pathway\n			13.2.1 Stage I: Mevalonate Pathway\n			13.2.2 Stage II: Formation of Squalene\n			13.2.3 Stage III: Squalene Cyclization\n			13.2.4 Crucial Importance of Phytosterols Biosynthesis\n		13.3 In Vitro Plant Culture for Phytosterols Production\n			13.3.1 Phytosterols Production Enhancement Strategies\n				13.3.1.1 Selection of Highly Producing Cell Lines\n				13.3.1.2 Effect of Cell Differentiation Stage and Cell Age of Culture\n				13.3.1.3 Manipulation of Medium\n				13.3.1.4 Elicitation for Enhancement of Phytosterols Accumulation\n				13.3.1.5 Metabolic Engineering as a Biotechnological Alternative Strategy\n		13.4 Extraction and Detection Techniques\n		13.5 Phytosterols Biological Activities\n			13.5.1 Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Phytosterols\n			13.5.2 Immune System Modulation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties\n			13.5.3 Antidiabetic Effects of Phytosterols\n			13.5.4 Anticancer Effects of Phytosterols\n		13.6 Phytosterols Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n		13.7 Conclusions\n		References\n	14: In Vitro Production of Quinones\n		14.1 Introduction\n		14.2 Biosynthesis Pathway\n		14.3 In Vitro Production Methodology\n		14.4 Scale-up Techniques and Bioreactors\n		14.5 Extraction and Detection Techniques\n			14.5.1 Extraction and Isolation of Quinone Compounds\n				Box 14.1 Extraction of Quinone Derivatives\n			14.5.2 Determining Quinone\n				Box 14.2 Anthraquinone Determination\n			14.5.3 Genetic Approaches to Detect Quinones\n		14.6 Biological Activities (Major)\n			14.6.1 Chrysophanol\n			14.6.2 Aloe-Emodin (AE)\n			14.6.3 Juglone\n			14.6.4 β-Lapachone\n			14.6.5 Plumbagin\n			14.6.6 Shikonin\n			14.6.7 Thymoquinone\n		14.7 Commercial Utilization and Prospects\n		14.8 Conclusions and Recommendations\n		References\nPart III: Strategic Advances and Challenges\n	15: Optimization of In Vitro Cell Culture Conditions for Increasing Biomass and Nutraceutical Production\n		15.1 Introduction\n		15.2 In Vitro Plant Cell Culture: A Technique from Field to Flasks\n		15.3 Optimization of In Vitro Plant Cell Culture: A Powerful Technique for Industrial Scale Production of Nutraceutical Compou...\n			15.3.1 Selection of Parent Plant and Optimization of their Physiological Factors\n			15.3.2 Optimization of Culture Medium and Mineral Content\n			15.3.3 Optimization of Phytohormones\n			15.3.4 Optimization of Light and Temperature\n			15.3.5 Optimization of Inoculum Size\n			15.3.6 Optimization of Oxygen Level and Agitation\n		15.4 Other Approaches to Improve Plant Cell Culture and Bioactive Compounds Production: Precursor Feeding, Elicitation, and Ge...\n		15.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective\n		References\n	16: Genetic Engineering of Cell Cultures for Enhanced Production of Nutraceuticals\n		16.1 Introduction\n		16.2 Role of Nutraceuticals in Prevention and Therapy of Human Malignancies\n		16.3 Plant Cell Cultures as Potential Sources of Nutraceuticals\n		16.4 Genetic Engineering of Plant Cell Cultures for Enhanced Production of Flavonoids\n		16.5 Scale-up Strategies for Nutraceuticals Production\n		16.6 Conclusions\n		References\n	17: Transfer of Plant Biosynthetic Pathways to Microbes for the Production of Nutraceuticals\n		17.1 Introduction\n		17.2 Overview of Flavonoids\n		17.3 Biosynthetic Pathways of Flavonoids in Plants\n		17.4 Importance of Microbial Biosynthetic Pathways of Flavonoids\n		17.5 Microbial Biosynthetic Pathways of Flavonoids\n		17.6 Naringenin\n		17.7 Apigenin and Genkwanin\n		17.8 Flavones\n		17.9 Isoflavones\n		17.10 Anthocyanins\n		17.11 Microbial Biosynthesis in Food and Beverages Industries\n		17.12 Conclusion and Recommendation\n		References\n	18: In Vitro Production of Nutraceutical: Challenges and Opportunities\n		18.1 Introduction\n		18.2 In Vitro Production of Nutraceutical\n		18.3 Challenges\n			18.3.1 Nutrients Availability\n			18.3.2 High Costs\n			18.3.3 Genetic Instability\n			18.3.4 Environmental Factors\n			18.3.5 Growth Rates\n			18.3.6 Identification and Isolation Techniques\n			18.3.7 Variability in the Quantification and Purification\n		18.4 Opportunities\n			18.4.1 Novel Molecular Techniques\n			18.4.2 Micropropagation\n			18.4.3 Transgenic Approach\n			18.4.4 Environmental Factor Manipulation\n		18.5 Conclusions and Recommendations\n		References