Nursing Research in Canada

Cover
IFC
Title
Copyright
Contents
Author Biographies
Contributors
Reviewers
Acknowledgements
Preface
To the Student
Part One - Research Overview
	REFERENCES
Chapter 1 - The Role of Research in Nursing
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-INFORMED PRACTICE
	RESEARCH: THE ELEMENT THAT LINKS THEORY, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE
	ROLES OF THE NURSE IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
	HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE1
	CURRENT STATE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
		Developing Programs of Research
		Interventions and Outcomes
		An International Perspective
		Research Priorities Reflecting Trends and Issues
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 2 - Theoretical Frameworks
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE
	PHILOSOPHIES OF RESEARCH
	RESEARCH METHOD\\S: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
	INTRODUCTION TO FRAMEWORKS FOR RESEARCH
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	KEY POINTS
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 3 - Critical Appraisal Strategies: Reading Research
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	Study Resources
	CRITICAL APPRAISAL SKILLS
	STRATEGIES FOR READING AND CRITIQUING RESEARCH STUDIES
		Preliminary Reading
		Comprehensive Reading
		Analytical Reading
		Synthesis of Understanding
	EVIDENCE-INFORMED PRACTICE AND RESEARCH
	RESEARCH ARTICLES: FORMAT AND STYLE
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Definition of the Purpose
		Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
		Hypothesis or Research Question
		Research Design
		Sampling
		Reliability and Validity
		Procedures and Data Collection Methods
		Data Analysis/Results
		Discussion
		Recommendations and Implications
		References
		Communicating Results
	SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS: META-ANALYSES, INTEGRATIVE REVIEWS, SCOPING REVIEWS, AND META-SYNTHESES
	CLINICAL GUIDELINES
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 4 - Developing Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
	STUDY RESOURCES
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	DEVELOPING AND REFINING A CLINICAL QUESTION
	DEVELOPING AND REFINING A RESEARCH QUESTION
		Defining the Research Question
		Beginning the Literature Review
		Examining Significance
		Determining Feasibility
	THE FULLY DEVELOPED RESEARCH QUESTION
		Variables
		Population
		Testability
	STUDY PURPOSE, AIMS, OR OBJECTIVES
	DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
		Characteristics
			Relationship Statement
			Testability
		Theory Base
		Wording the Hypothesis
		Statistical Versus Research Hypotheses
		Directional Versus Nondirectional Hypotheses
	RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE HYPOTHESIS, THE RESEARCH QUESTION, AND THE RESEARCH DESIGN
	CRITIQUING THE RESEARCH QUESTION
	CRITIQUING THE HYPOTHESES
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 5 - Finding and Appraising the Literature
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	THE PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER
	REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
		The Literature Review: Evidence-Informed Project
		The Literature Review: Research Study
		Differences and Similarities in Literature Reviews for Evidence-Informed Projects and Research Studies
	SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE
		Step 1: Determine the Topic and Generate Keywords
		Step 2: Choosing Online, Academic Databases
			Other Types of Search Engines and Databases
			Prioritizing the Search for Evidence
		Step 3: Conduct your Search
		Step 4: Refine Search Results
		Step 5: Select Literature
		Step 6: Critically Read, Summarize, and Synthesize
		Step 7: Formatting the Literature Review
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 6 - Legal and Ethical Issues
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	NURSES ARE IN AN IDEAL POSITION
	ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
		Past Ethical Dilemmas in Research
		The Evolution of Ethics in Nursing Research
		Current and Future Ethical Dilemmas in Research
	PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
		Procedures for Protecting Basic Human Rights
			Informed Consent
			Research Ethics Boards
			Protecting the Basic Human Rights of Vulnerable Groups
	SCIENTIFIC FRAUD AND MISCONDUCT
		Fraud
		Misconduct
		Unauthorized Research
		Product Testing
	LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
	RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN GAMETES, EMBRYOS, OR FETUSES
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Part two - Indigenous Peoples: Research, Knowledges, and Ways of Knowing
	Research Vignette
	What is your background? How did you become interested in nursing?
	What are the most important things nursing students need to know about Indigenous knowledge and research with Indigenous p ...
	What does research look like for you?
	What are your thoughts on the evidence-informed practice movement?
	What are the opportunities and challenges faced by Indigenous scholars?
	What are the three most important topics for us to cover in this chapter?
	References
Chapter 7 - Indigenous Peoples: Research, Knowledges, and Ways of Knowing
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	THE VERY ACTIVITY OF WRITING THIS chapter
	HISTORY AND CONTEXT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES1
		Definitions and Identities
		Indigenous History in Canada and Colonization
			Residential Schools
		Truth and Reconciliation
	IMPLICATIONS FOR RECONCILIATION AND RESEARCH
		Education
	INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH
		Indigenous Research Paradigms and Methodologies
	ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES OF INDIGENOUS RESEARCH
		Principles and Guidelines From Indigenous Communities
		Principles & Guidelines from Canadian Government Institutions
		Research Processes
	SUMMARY
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Part three - Qualitative Research
	Research Vignette
	References
Chapter 8 - Introduction to Qualitative Research
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	Fundamental to nursing is
	WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
	GENERAL STEPS IN CONDUCTING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
		Review of the Literature
		Study Design
		Sample
		Setting: Recruitment and Data Collection
		Data Collection
		Data Analysis
	EVIDENCE-INFORMED PRACTICE
	UNIQUE FEATURES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
		Emergent Nature of the Design
		Researcher–Participant Interaction
		Researcher as Instrument
		Triangulation
	MIXED METHODS
	SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS OF QUALITATIVE EVIDENCE: METASYNTHESIS
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR Further Study
	REFERENCES
Chapter 9 - Qualitative Approaches to Research
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	Qualitative research
	QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
		Phenomenology as Research
			Identifying the Phenomenon
			Structuring the Study
				RESEARCH QUESTION
				RESEARCHER’S PERSPECTIVE
				SAMPLE SELECTION
			Data Gathering
			Data Analysis
			Describing the Findings
		Grounded Theory Method
		Identifying the Phenomenon
			Structuring the Study
				RESEARCH QUESTION
				RESEARCHER’S PERSPECTIVE
				SAMPLE SELECTION
			Data Gathering
			Data Analysis
			Describing the Findings
		Ethnography
			Identifying the Phenomenon
			Structuring the Study
				RESEARCH QUESTION
				RESEARCHER’S PERSPECTIVE
				SAMPLE SELECTION
			Data Gathering
			Data Analysis
			Describing the Findings
		Action Research
			Identifying the Phenomenon
			Structuring the Study
				RESEARCH QUESTION
				RESEARCHER’S PERSPECTIVE
				SAMPLE SELECTION
			Data Gathering
			Data Analysis
			Describing the Findings
	Generic Qualitative Research
	Narrative Analysis
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CLINICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Part four - Quantitative Research
	Research Vignette
	My research contributes to the field of VAWG
	Implications for Nursing Practice
	What are my areas of future focus?
	REFERENCES
Chapter 10 - Introduction to Quantitative Research
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH DESIGN
	OBJECTIVITY IN THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE PROBLEM
	ACCURACY
	FEASIBILITY
	CONTROL
		Homogeneous Sampling
		Constancy in Data Collection
		Manipulation of the Independent Variable
		Randomization
	QUANTITATIVE CONTROL AND FLEXIBILITY
	INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY
		Internal Validity
			History Threats
			Maturation Effects
			Testing Effects
			Instrumentation Threats
			Mortality/Attrition
			Selection Bias
		External Validity
			Selection Effects
			Reactive Effects
			Measurement Effects
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	References
Chapter 11 - Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
		Randomization
		Control
		Manipulation
		Types of Experimental Designs
		Field and Laboratory Experiments
		Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design
	QUASIEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
		Types of Quasiexperimental Designs
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Quasiexperimental Designs
	PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
	EVALUATION RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION
		CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 12 - Nonexperimental Designs
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	SURVEY STUDIES
	RELATIONSHIP/DIFFERENCE STUDIES
		Correlational Studies
		Developmental Studies
		Cross-Sectional Studies
			Longitudinal or Prospective Studies
			Retrospective or Ex Post Facto Studies
	PREDICTION AND CAUSALITY IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
	ADDITIONAL TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
		Methodological Research
		Systematic Review
		Meta-Analysis
			The Cochrane Collaboration
		Integrative Review
		Secondary Analysis
		Epidemiological Studies
	TOOLS FOR EVALUATING INDIVIDUAL STUDIES
	CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
		Evaluating Clinical Practice Guidelines
		CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Part five - Processes Related to Research
	RESEARCH VIGNETTE
	In Summary
	REFERENCES
Chapter 13 - Sampling
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	SAMPLING CONCEPTS
		Population
		Samples and Sampling
	SAMPLING STRATEGIES USED IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
		Nonprobability Sampling
			Convenience Sampling
			Quota Sampling
		Probability Sampling
			Simple Random Sampling
			Stratified Random Sampling
			Multistage Sampling (Cluster Sampling)
			Systematic Sampling
		Special Sampling Strategies
	SAMPLING STRATEGIES USED IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
		Convenience Sampling
		Network Sampling
		Purposive Sampling
		Theoretical Sampling
	SAMPLE SIZE: QUANTITATIVE
	SAMPLE SIZE: QUALITATIVE
	SAMPLING PROCEDURES
		CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 14 - Data-Collection Methods
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
	MEASURING VARIABLES OF INTEREST
	TYPES OF DATA-COLLECTION METHODS
		Physiological or Biological Measurements
		Observational Methods
		Interviews, Surveys, and Questionnaires
		Records or Available Data
	ONLINE AND COMPUTERIZED METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
	CONSTRUCTION OF NEW INSTRUMENTS
	QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
		Focus Groups
		Photovoice
		CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 15 - Rigour in Research
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	Study Resources
	RELIABILITY
		Interpretation of the Reliability Coefficient
		Stability
			Test-Retest Reliability
			Parallel- or Alternate-Form Reliability
		Homogeneity, or Internal Consistency
			Item-to-Total Correlation
			Split-Half Reliability
			Kuder-Richardson Coefficient
			Cronbach’s Alpha
		Equivalence
			Interrater Reliability
			Parallel- or Alternate-Form Reliability
	VALIDITY
		Content Validity
		Criterion-Related Validity
			Construct Validity
			Hypothesis-Testing Approach
				Convergent and Divergent Approaches
			Contrasted-Groups Approach
			Factor-Analytical Approach
	RIGOUR IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
		Credibility
		Auditability and Fittingness
		Authenticity
		CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR Further Study
	REFERENCES
Chapter 16 - Qualitative Data Analysis
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	Study Resources
	DATA MANAGEMENT
		Audio Recording Interviews
		Electronic Data Management and Software
		Data Repositories and Sharing Data
	OVERVIEW OF DATA ANALYSIS
		Data Reduction
			Coding
			Rigour in Data Reduction and Abstraction
		Data Display
	Conclusion Drawing and Verification
	SPECIFIC ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
	TRUSTWORTHINESS
		CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	For Further Study
	REFERENCES
Chapter 17 - Quantitative Data Analysis
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	Study Resources
	DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
		Levels of Measurement
			Frequency Distribution
			Measures of Central Tendency
				MODE
				MEDIAN
				MEAN
			Normal Distribution
				SKEWNESS
			Interpreting Measures of Variability
				RANGE
				SEMIQUARTILE RANGE
				PERCENTILE
				STANDARD DEVIATION
	INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
		Hypothesis Testing
		Probability
		Type I and Type II Errors
			Level of Significance
			Practical and Statistical Significance
		Tests of Statistical Significance
			Tests of Differences
				PARAMETRIC TESTS
				POST HOC ANALYSIS
				NONPARAMETRIC TESTS
			Tests of Relationships
			The Use of Confidence Intervals
		CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL Judgement Questions
	KEY POINTS
	FOR Further Study
	REFERENCES
Chapter 18 - Presenting the Findings
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	Study Resources
	FINDINGS
		Presenting Quantitative Results
		Discussion of the Results
		Presenting Qualitative Results
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	Critical Judgement Questions
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
Part six - Critiquing Research
	RESEARCH VIGNETTE
	REFERENCES
Chapter 19 - Critiquing Qualitative Research
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	Study Resources
	STYLISTIC CONSIDERATIONS
	APPLICATION OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH FINDINGS IN PRACTICE
	CRITIQUING A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY
		CRITIQUE 1
	INTRODUCTION TO CRITIQUE 1
		Authors
		Title
		Abstract
		Background
	Purpose
	Method
	Sampling
		Ethical Considerations
		Data Collection
		Data Analysis
		Findings
		Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations
	CRITIQUING A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY
		CRITIQUE 2
	INTRODUCTION TO CRITIQUE 2
		Authors
		Title
		Abstract
		Background
	Purpose
	Method
	Sampling
	Ethics
	Data Generation and Analysis
	Findings
	Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	References
	References
	REFERENCES
Chapter 20 - Critiquing Quantitative Research
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	STYLISTIC CONSIDERATIONS
	CRITIQUING A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY
		CRITIQUE 1
		“The Impact of Pain Invisibility on Patient-Centered Care and Empathetic Attitude in Chronic Pain Management”
	INTRODUCTION TO CRITIQUE 1
		Title
		Abstract
		Problem and Purpose
		Review of the Literature and Definitions
		Development of a Conceptual Framework
		Hypotheses and Research Question
		Sample
		Research Design
		Internal Validity
		External Validity
		Legal/Ethical Issues
		Instruments
		Reliability and Validity
		Analysis of the Data and Findings
		Discussion
		Implications and Recommendations
		Study Limitation
	CRITIQUING A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY
		CRITIQUE 2
	INTRODUCTION TO CRITIQUE 2
		Title
		Abstract
		Problem and Purpose
		Review of the Literature and Definitions
		Theoretical Framework
		Hypotheses and Research Question
		Sample
		Research Design
		Internal Validity
		External Validity
		Legal/Ethical Issues
		Instruments
		Reliability and Validity
		Results
		Discussion
		Limitations and Conclusion
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
	REFERENCES
	REFERENCES
Part seven - Application of Research: Evidence-Informed Practice
	RESEARCH VIGNETTE
	References
Chapter 21 - Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
	LEARNING OUTCOMES
	STUDY RESOURCES
	OVERVIEW OF EVIDENCE-INFORMED PRACTICE
		Use of Evidence in Practice
		Models of Evidence-Informed Practice
			The Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care
			The Ottawa Model of Research Use
			Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS)
	STEPS OF EVIDENCE-INFORMED PRACTICE
		Selection of a Topic
		Forming a Team
		Evidence Retrieval
		Schemas for Grading the Evidence
		Critique of Evidence-Informed Practice Guidelines
		Critique of Evidence
		Synthesis of the Research
		Setting Forth Evidence-Informed Practice Recommendations
		Decision to Change Practice
		Development of Evidence-Informed Practice
		Implementing the Practice Change
		Nature of the Innovation/Evidence-Informed Practice
		Methods of Communication
		Users of the Evidence-Informed Practice
		Social System
		Evaluation
	TRANSLATION SCIENCE
	FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGES
	CRITICAL JUDGEMENT QUESTIONS
	KEY POINTS
	FOR FURTHER STUDY
	REFERENCES
. - .
	RESEARCH VIGNETTE
	INTRODUCTION
	BACKGROUND
	References
Appendix A - The Rocks and Hard Places of MAiD:A Qualitative Study of Nursing Practice in the Context of Legislated Ass ...
	Background
		Implications of a Legislated Approach to MAiD
		The Nursing Role in MAiD
	Methods
		Participants
		Data Collection and Analysis
	Results
		Systems: Influential Leaders Setting the Tone
		Teamwork: Two’s a Team
		Processes: Patient-Centered Aspirations in a Complex System
	Discussion
		Delegation: Supports As a Reflection of Sociocultural Context
		Precision: Practice Supports in a Legislated Context
		Obligation: Accessibility and Participation
		Clinical Implications
	Conclusion
	References
Appendix B - Lanolin for the Treatment of Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
	Key messages
	Introduction
		Participants
		Sample Size
		Methods
		Intervention
		Outcome Measures
			Nipple Pain
			Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity
			Breastfeeding Self-efficacy
			Maternal Satisfaction
		Data Analysis
	Results
		Sample Characteristics
		Clinical Outcomes
			Nipple Pain
			Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity
			Breastfeeding Self-efficacy
			Maternal Satisfaction
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Appendix C - Mâmawoh Kamâtowin, “Coming together to help each other in wellness”: Honouring Indigenous Nursing Knowledge
	Authors
	Introduction
		Relationality
		Locating Myself in the Context of the Research Inquiry
		Research Framework
		Data Gathering
		Data Analysis
	Results
		Ontological Beginnings and Epistemological Openings
	Discussion
		Limitations
	Conclusion
	References
Appendix D - How Does Simulation Impact Building Competency and Confidence in Recognition and Response to the Adult and ...
	Key Points
	Literature Review
		Knowledge and Skills Performance
		Theoretical Framework
		Sample
	Method
		Deteriorating Patient: High-Fidelity Scenario Approach
		Deteriorating Patient: Virtual Case Scenario Approach
		Measures
		Data Analysis
	Results
		Implications
		Strengths and Limitations
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Appendix E - Prenatal Maternal Anxiety as a Risk Factor for Preterm Birth and the Effects of Heterogeneity on This Relatio ...
	Introduction
	Methods
		Definitions
		Search Strategy
		Types of Studies and Outcomes
		Study Selection
		Data Extraction
		Critical Appraisal
		Potential Sources of Heterogeneity of Primary Interest
		Statistical Methods
			Data Preparation
			Risk of Bias due to Confounding: Assessment and Management
			Meta-Analysis
	Results
		Critical Appraisal of Studies
		Data Management
		Meta-Analysis
	Discussion
		Summary
		Comparisons with Other SRMA
		Strengths and Limitations of Our Meta-Analysis
		Heterogeneity in Meta-Analyses
		Issues in Statistical Methodology
		Limitations
			Ethnicity
			Exposure
			Other Sources of Bias
		Future Directions
	Conclusions
	References
Glossary
	REFERENCE
Answers and Rationales to the Critical Judgement Questions
	Chapter 1 The Role of Research in Nursing
	Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework
	Chapter 3 Critical Appraisal Strategies: Reading Research
	Chapter 4 Developing Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
	Chapter 5 Finding and Appraising the Literature
	Chapter 6 Legal and Ethical Issues
	Chapter 7 Indigenous Peoples: Research, Knowledges, and Ways of Knowing
	Chapter 8 Introduction to Qualitative Research
	Chapter 9 Qualitative Approaches to Research
	Chapter 10 Introduction to Quantitative Research
	Chapter 11 Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
	Chapter 12 Nonexperimental Designs
	Chapter 13 Sampling
	Chapter 14 Data-Collection Methods
	Chapter 15 Rigour in Research
	Chapter 16 Qualitative Data Analysis
	Chapter 17 Quantitative Data Analysis
	Chapter 18 Presenting the Findings
	Chapter 19 Critiquing Qualitative Research Articles
	Chapter 20 Critiquing Quantitative Research
	Chapter 21 Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
Index