Numerical Modeling Strategies for Sustainable Concrete Structures: SSCS 2022 (RILEM Bookseries, 38)

Preface
Contents
RILEM Publications
	RILEM Proceedings (PRO)
	RILEM Reports (REP)
Artificial Neural Network-Based Methodology for Optimization of Low-Cost Green UHPFRC Under Ductility Requirements
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 UHPFRC
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Artificial Neural Networks
		2.2 Multi-objective Optimization
		2.3 Design of Experiments (DoE)
		2.4 Materials and Experimental Procedures
	3 Results
		3.1 UHPC Cementitious Matrix
		3.2 UHPFRC
	4 Conclusions
	References
Long Term Prediction of the Delayed Behavior of Concrete Structures – The Case of the VERCORS Mock-Up
	1 Introduction
	2 Modelling of Delayed Strains
		2.1 EC2 Equations for Creep and Shrinkage
		2.2 Influence of Temperature on Creep and Shrinkage
		2.3 Comparison with Laboratory Tests
		2.4 Relaxation
	3 Modelling of the Containment
		3.1 General Considerations
		3.2 In-Situ Measurements
		3.3 Comparison Between Modelling and In-Situ Measurements
		3.4 Discussion of the Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
HPC Finite Element Solvers for Phase-Field Models for Fracture in Solids
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Formulations
		2.1 Model Formulation
		2.2 Finite Element Formulation
	3 Parallelization
	4 Numerical Experiments
	5 Conclusion
	References
Integrating Hybrid Reinforced Concrete Technology and Advanced FEM-Based Numerical Modelling for Crack Control in Long Concrete Foundations Without Joints
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Study
		2.1 Material Characterization
		2.2 Measurement of Temperature Evolution in the HRC Foundation
	3 Numerical Study
		3.1 Calibration of Thermal Model Parameters
		3.2 Derivation of FRC Stress-Crack Width Relationship
		3.3 Assessment of Cracking Risk of the Structure Since Early Ages
	4 Conclusions
	References
Multi-physical Simulation of Concrete Hydraulic Facilities Affected by Alkali-Aggregate Reaction: From Material to Structure
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Characterization Program
		2.1 Size Effects
		2.2 Asymptotic Fracture Energy
		2.3 AAR Free Expansion
		2.4 Results
	3 Constitutive Modelling
		3.1 Computational Framework
		3.2 V&V
	4 Application at the Facility Level
	5 Conclusions
	References
Biaxial Interaction Diagrams of a RC Section at Elevated Temperatures
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Strength Properties at Elevated Temperature
	3 Yield Design Auxiliary Problem
	4 Lower Bound Static Approach
	5 Numerical Examples
	6 Comparison with Available Experimental Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Probabilistic Modelling of Containment Building Leakage at the Structural Scale: Application to the PACE Mock-Up
	1 Introduction
	2 Deterministic Leakage Prediction of a Structural Representative Volume
		2.1 PACE Mock-Up Brief Description
		2.2 Finite Element (FE) Model
		2.3 Crack and Leakage Comparison
	3 Probabilistic Leakage Prediction of the RSV
		3.1 Stochastic Finite Element (SFE) Model
		3.2 Crack and Leakage Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Digital Twin for Modelling Structural Durability
	1 Introduction
	2 Bridge Monitoring System
	3 Numerical Simulation Methods
		3.1 Non-linear Analysis
		3.2 Ageing Modelling
		3.3 Structure Resistance Assessment
	4 Examples of Application
		4.1 Pilot Applications
		4.2 Calibration of Digital Twins
		4.3 Results of Durability Assessment
		4.4 Discussion on the Application Results
	5 Summary
	References
Numerical Modeling of Water Transport in Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling Water Transport in Porous Medium
		2.1 Hygrothermal Transport Equations Implemented in TransChlor2D
		2.2 Water Vapor Sorption Isotherm in UHPC/UHPFRC
	3 Simulation of Water Transport in UHPFRC Samples
		3.1 Water Vapor Sorption Isotherm in UHPC/UHPFRC
	4 Simulation of UHPFRC’s Drying Test with TransChlor2D
	5 Conclusions
	References
Predicting Early Age Temperature Evolution in Massive Structures from Non-standard Characterization Test
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Identification of the Thermal Fingerprint from a 1m3 Mockup Test
		3.1 Identification Using an Evaluation of the Heat Loss (Method A)
		3.2 Best Fitting Using a Finite Element Model of the Mockup (Method B)
		3.3 Comparison of the Two Methods
	4 Numerical Analysis
		4.1 Synthetic Adiabatic Curve
		4.2 1m3 Model
		4.3 Thermal Fingerprint Identification
		4.4 Comparison of the Two Methods
	5 Real Case Study
		5.1 Thermal Fingerprint Identification
		5.2 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Approaches Aimed at a Sustainable Design: The Case of Wind Tower Foundations
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme and Materials
	3 Numerical FE Models
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Modeling of New Conceptions of 3D Printed Concrete Structures for Pumped Storage Hydropower
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Modeling Parameters for 3D Printed Process
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 Results
	4 Numerical Model
		4.1 Numerical Modeling of the Structure in the Fresh State
		4.2 Numerical Modeling of the Structure in the Hardened State
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Assessing 3D Concrete Structures at ULS with Robust Numerical Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Methods and Their Limitations
		2.1 When Standards Can’t Solve Your Problem
		2.2 Strut-and-Ties Responses
		2.3 3D Elastoplastic Analysis as the Last Solution
	3 A General Optimization Formalism to Assess ULS for Reinforced Concrete Structures
		3.1 An Inhouse IPMSolver
		3.2 The Static Approach or How to Find the Best Equilibrium State
		3.3 The Kinematic Approach or How to Find the Worst Mechanism
		3.4 At the End: Quantify the Error
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Role of Modelling in Structures Operation or Rehabilitation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Context
		1.2 Global Methodology
	2 From Modelling to Works: The Renovation of the Chambon Dam
		2.1 Historical Context
		2.2 The First Reinforcement Works Campaign in 1992–1993
		2.3 The New Behavior Analysis
	3 The Second Reinforcement Works Campaign (2013–2014)
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Multi-scale Multi-technique Multi-physics Framework Required to Model the Thermal Properties of Cement-Based Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Thermal Properties from Molecular Simulations
		2.1 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
		2.2 Heat Capacity
		2.3 Thermal Conductivity
		2.4 Molecular Models and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Thermal Expansion
		3.2 Specific Heat Capacity
		3.3 Thermal Conductivity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Model for Explosive Spalling of High-Strength Concrete and Carbonation During and After Fire Exposure
	1 Introduction
	2 Outline of Original and Proposed Spalling Model
		2.1 Original Spalling Model
		2.2 Proposed Spalling Model
	3 Validation of Temperature Rise of Ultra-high-Strength Concrete After Explosive Spalling
	4 Shear Capacity and Deformation of High-Strength RC Beams After Post-fire-curing
		4.1 Validation of Proposed Model Simultaneously Considering Spalling and Carbonation
		4.2 Investigation of High Concentration of CO2During Heating and Post-fire-curing
	5 Conclusions
	References
Modelling of Rock-Shotcrete Interfaces Using a Novel Bolted Cohesive Element
	1 Introduction
	2 Bolted Cohesive Element Model
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Simulations of CNT/CNF Reinforced Concrete Using ANSYS
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Modeling
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Computational Performance Assessment and Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Wall Buildings Under Seismic Loads
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Building
	3 Analysis Method
		3.1 Overview
		3.2 Material Models
		3.3 Setup for Static and Dynamic Analysis
	4 Analysis Results
		4.1 Static Analysis Results
		4.2 Dynamic Analysis Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach for the Uncertainty Modelling in Cementitious Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 State-of-the-Art
	3 Uncertainty Modelling
		3.1 Material Level
		3.2 Structural Level
	4 Closing Remarks
	References
Bayesian Inverse Modelling of Early-Age Stress Evolution in GGBFS Concrete Due to Autogenous Deformation and Aging Creep
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Viscoelastic Material Subroutine
		2.2 FEM Configuration
		2.3 Bayesian Inverse Modelling
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Forward Modelling with Codes
		3.2 Inverse Modelling with Adjusted Codes
	4 Conclusion
	References
Modeling C-S-H Sorption at the Molecular Scale: Effective Interactions, Stability, and Cavitation
	1 Introduction
	2 Models and Methods
		2.1 Atomic Structure
		2.2 Force Field
		2.3 Simulation Details
		2.4 Stable and Meta-stable Domains
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Pressure Isotherms, Cohesive Pressure, and Young’s Modulus
		3.2 Potential Energy Profiles, the Minimum of PMF, Drying Shrinkage, and Desorption Isotherm
		3.3 Cavitation of Nano-confined Water in C-S-H
	4 Conclusion
	References
Contribution of Rib-scale Modelling to Study the Bond Mechanisms of Reinforcement in UHPFRC
	1 Introduction
	2 Adopted Approach
		2.1 Seismic Performance Challenges
		2.2 Rib-scale Modelling
		2.3 Research Strategy
	3 Standard Bond Test for UHPFRC
		3.1 Defining Specimen Geometry
		3.2 Comparison with Experimental Results
		3.3 Bond Strength Mechanism
		3.4 Model Calibration
	4 Continuous Joint Behaviour
	5 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Modeling of 3D Concrete Printing Wall Structure to Reliably Estimate the Failure Mechanisms
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Spatial and Temporal Changes of the Material Parameters 3D Printable Concrete
		2.2 Finite Element Model of a Printing Process
		2.3 Failure Mechanisms in 3D Printed Concrete Structures
	3 Numerical Example
		3.1 Description
		3.2 Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Simulation of Concrete Fracture by Means of a 3D Probabilistic Explicit Cracking Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Scale Effect Relations
	3 3D Probabilistic Explicit Cracking Model
		3.1 Generation of Random Values of Tensile Strength
		3.2 Friction Model
	4 Numerical Modeling Procedures
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Incremental Formulation of Early Age Concrete in the Finite Strain Range for the Modelling of 3D Concrete Printing
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Equations
		2.1 Mechanical Balance
		2.2 Kinematics
	3 Incremental Viscoelastic Constitutive Relation
	4 Numerical Example: Closed Wall
	5 Numerical Example: A Slump-Test
	6 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Virtual Design Laboratory for Sustainable Fiber Reinforced Concrete Structures: From Discrete Fibers to Structural Optimization Under Uncertainty
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-level Model for Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
		2.1 Discrete Fiber Model
		2.2 Multi-level Model for Analysis of SFRC Structures
		2.3 Comparative Analysis of the Discrete and the Homogenized Approach for Modeling SFRC
	3 Reliability Based Robust Design of Segmental Tunnel Linings Subjected to Thrust Jack Forces
		3.1 Objective and Input of the Optimization Problem
		3.2 Constraint Limit States and Optimization Results for Different Designs
	4 Conclusions
	References
Modeling Deterioration of RC Structures Due to Environmental Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Coupled Chemo-Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Model
		2.1 Modelling Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete
		2.2 Modelling Freezing-Thawing of Concrete
		2.3 Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete
	3 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Development of a Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Model of the Containment Vessel Vercors to Study Its Aging and Leak Tightness, Based on Specimen Tests and In Situ Measurements
	1 Notions of Ageing Phenomena in Concrete Structures
	2 Numerical Modelling of VeRCoRS
		2.1 VeRCoRs and the Third International Benchmark
		2.2 Computation Strategy
		2.3 Thermal Model
		2.4 Drying Model
	3 Mechanical Model
		3.1 General Assumptions
		3.2 Drying Shrinkage
		3.3 Basic Creep
		3.4 Drying Creep
		3.5 Calibration of Delayed Deformations
	4 Damage Model, Cracking Model, and Integration of Early Age Cracks
	5 Hydraulic Model
		5.1 Numerical Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Modeling of the Behavior of Concrete Specimens Under Uniaxial Tensile Stresses Through the Use of a 3D Probabilistic Semi-explicit Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Semi-explicit Probabilistic Model for Concrete Cracking
		2.1 Random Distribution of the Material Properties
		2.2 Parameters Estimation
	3 Modeling of the Uniaxial Tensile Test
		3.1 Simulation of Cubic Specimens - First Evaluation
		3.2 Simulation of Cubic Specimens - Second Evaluation
		3.3 Simulations of Prismatic Specimens - Validation
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Wall Effect in Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experiments
		2.3 Simulation Granular Packing Under Confined Geometries
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Mass Loss Monitoring
		3.2 3-Point Bending Test
		3.3 Microcracking Rate in Molded vs Non-molded Concrete Surfaces
	4 Numerical Results: Polydisperse Systems
		4.1 1D ‘Confinement’
		4.2 3D ‘Confinement’
	5 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
The Influence of Autogenous Shrinkage and Creep on the Risk of Early Age Cracking
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Problem Description
		1.2 Initial Lab Research
		1.3 Modelling with FEM-Tool
		1.4 Research Objective
	2 Extended Lab Research
	3 Obtained Results
	4 Design of New Set-Up
	5 Conclusions
	References
Relevance of Behavior Laws of Homogenized Reinforced Concrete in the Context of Finite Elements of Different Sizes
	1 Introduction
	2 Helmholtz’s Formulation of the Weibull Scale Effect
		2.1 The Statistical Scale Effect
		2.2 Differential Formulation of the Statistical Scale Effect
	3 Helmholtz Formulation of Concrete Steel Sliding
		3.1 Concrete Steel Sliding
		3.2 The Helmholtz Formulation of Concrete Steel Sliding
	4 Coupling Phase Fields with Mechanical Formulations
		4.1 Dimension of the Digital Problem in the Case of a Classic Resolution
		4.2 Dimension of the Digital Problem in the Case of a Segregated Resolution
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design Optimization of Concrete Railway Tracks by Using Non-linear Finite Element Analysis
	1 Introduction and Objectives of the Study
	2 Numerical Models
		2.1 Probabilistic Explicit Cracking Model of Concrete
		2.2 Probabilistic Explicit Cracking Model of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC)
		2.3 Rebars and Concrete/Steel Bond Modelling
	3 Numerical Simulations
		3.1 Finite Element Mesh
		3.2 Non-linear Finite Element Simulations
	4 Carbon Footprint Evaluations
		4.1 Classical Solution
		4.2 Mixed Solutions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of Multi-ion Kinetics Associated with Macro-cell Corrosion by Pseudo-concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Analysis
		2.1 Simulation Platform
		2.2 Simulation Models
	3 Experiment
		3.1 Specimen Preparation
		3.2 Results and Discussions
	4 Parametric Study
		4.1 Summary of Cases
		4.2 Results and Discussions
		4.3 Re-analysis of G-NaCl and Summary
	5 Conclusions
	References
Discrete Models of Structural Concrete: Discretization Strategies
	1 Introduction
	2 Nodal Stress Calculation
	3 Elastic Shear Panel Simulation
		3.1 Boundary Conditions
		3.2 Introducing the Poisson Effect
		3.3 Simulation Results
	4 Reinforcing Component Discretization
	5 Conclusions
	References
Author Index