Number

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 11
FIGURES......Page 14
TABLES......Page 16
PREFACE......Page 19
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 21
First assumption: number is just an opposition of singular versus plural......Page 23
Fifth assumption: number is a nominal category......Page 24
1.2 Comparing like with like......Page 25
1.3 Structure of the book......Page 28
1.4 Presentation......Page 29
2.1 General number......Page 31
2.2 Number values......Page 41
2.2.2 The dual......Page 42
2.2.3 The trial......Page 43
2.2.4 The paucal......Page 44
2.2.5 The question of quadrals......Page 48
2.2.6 Greater numbers......Page 52
Fula......Page 53
Hamer......Page 54
Kaytetye......Page 55
Mokilese......Page 56
Mele-Fila......Page 57
2.2.7 Composed numbers......Page 58
2.3.1 The Number Hierarchy......Page 60
2.3.2 Possible systems of number values: incorporating the paucal......Page 61
2.3.3 Facultative number......Page 64
2.4 Languages without number......Page 72
2.5 Approaches in formal semantics......Page 73
2.6 Conclusion......Page 74
3 Items involved in the nominal number system......Page 76
3.1 The Animacy Hierarchy......Page 77
3.2 The hierarchy positions......Page 78
3.2.1 Human versus non-human......Page 79
3.2.2 Animate versus inanimate......Page 81
3.2.3 Kin (and rational)......Page 82
3.2.4 Pronouns......Page 83
3.2.4.1 The position of the third person......Page 84
3.2.4.2 First and second persons versus third......Page 85
3.2.4.3 First person versus second......Page 86
3.3 Marking and agreement......Page 88
3.4 Optionality......Page 92
3.5 Morphological effects......Page 97
3.6 Count and mass......Page 100
3.7.1 Pronouns and associative meaning......Page 105
3.7.2 Recategorization effects......Page 106
3.8 Conclusion......Page 109
4 Integrating number values and the Animacy Hierarchy......Page 111
4.1 Extending the Animacy Hierarchy to other number values......Page 112
4.2.1 The dual in Modern Hebrew......Page 117
4.2.3 The paucal in Avar......Page 118
4.2.5 Constraints on minor numbers......Page 119
4.2.6 Minor numbers: review......Page 122
4.3 Associatives......Page 123
4.3.1 Associatives: the problem......Page 124
4.3.2 Central Pomo......Page 127
4.3.3 Central Alaskan Yup’ik......Page 129
4.3.4 Associatives: summing up......Page 132
4.4.1 Distributives......Page 133
4.4.2 Collectives......Page 139
4.4.3 Distributives and collectives: summing up......Page 141
4.5 Top and second systems......Page 142
4.5.1 Conflated numbers......Page 143
4.5.2 Mass number (dialects of north-west Spain)......Page 146
4.5.3 General number......Page 148
4.5.4 Bayso......Page 149
4.5.5 Minor numbers revisited......Page 151
4.6 Conclusion......Page 154
5.1 Number words......Page 155
5.2 Syntax......Page 158
5.3 Morphology......Page 160
5.3.1 Relations between stems and inflections......Page 161
5.3.2 Inflections......Page 165
5.3.3 Stems......Page 168
5.3.4 Zero expression......Page 173
5.3.6 Multiple marking......Page 174
5.4 Lexical means......Page 177
5.5 Inverse number (and polarity)......Page 181
5.6 Minimal-augmented systems......Page 188
5.7 ‘Constructed’ numbers......Page 191
5.8 Reduced expression of number......Page 193
5.8.1 Nouns which are not number-differentiable......Page 195
5.8.2 Defectives......Page 196
5.8.3 Motivation for defectives......Page 197
5.9 Conclusion......Page 199
6.1 Controller versus target number......Page 200
6.1.1 Mismatches of system......Page 201
6.1.2 Default number......Page 207
6.1.3 Mismatches for specific controller types......Page 209
6.2 The Agreement Hierarchy and ‘corporate’ nouns in English......Page 210
6.3 Associatives (syntactic)......Page 213
6.4 Honorifics (in Slavonic)......Page 215
6.5.1 The options......Page 217
6.5.2 Number resolution......Page 220
6.5.3 Resolution or agreement with the nearest conjunct......Page 221
6.5.4 Conjoined noun phrases and comitative constructions......Page 225
6.6 Arabic (agreement with plural noun phrases)......Page 229
6.7.1 Number of noun in quantified noun phrases......Page 233
6.7.2 Factors determining the choice in predicate agreement......Page 235
6.8 Constraints on agreement systems......Page 238
6.9 Conclusion......Page 240
7 Other uses of number......Page 241
7.1 Honorifics and related uses......Page 242
7.2.1 The relational (dual and plural)......Page 250
7.2.2 Pronominal coordination......Page 253
7.3.1 The exaggerative plural......Page 256
7.3.2 The intensificative......Page 257
7.3.3 The approximative......Page 261
7.3.4 The evasive......Page 262
7.3.5 The anti-associative......Page 263
7.4 Conclusion......Page 264
8 Verbal number......Page 265
8.2 The meaning of verbal number......Page 267
8.2.1 Event number......Page 268
8.2.2 Participant number......Page 269
8.2.3 Mixed event and participant number......Page 271
8.2.4 Values......Page 272
8.3 Locus......Page 273
8.4.1 Ergativity......Page 274
8.4.2 Marking of different values......Page 276
8.4.4 Possible development towards nominal number......Page 277
8.5 Items involved in the verbal number system......Page 279
8.6 Expression of verbal number......Page 280
8.7 Other uses......Page 282
8.8 Motivation for the asymmetries......Page 283
8.9 Conclusion......Page 286
9.1 Diachrony......Page 287
9.1.1 The rise of number......Page 288
9.1.2 The decline of number......Page 290
9.2 Interactions......Page 293
9.2.1 Gender......Page 294
9.2.2 Case......Page 296
9.2.3 Person......Page 299
9.2.4 Definiteness......Page 300
9.3.1 Integrated systems......Page 302
9.3.2 Statistical distribution and markedness......Page 303
9.3.3 Frequency and irregularity......Page 308
9.3.3.1 Terms and hypotheses......Page 309
9.3.3.2 The data......Page 310
9.3.3.3 The Irregularity Scale......Page 311
9.3.3.4 Discussion of results......Page 312
9.3.3.5 Frequency and irregularity: conclusions......Page 315
9.4 The acquisition of number......Page 316
9.5 The psycholinguistics of number......Page 317
9.6 The final note......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 321
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 365
LANGUAGE INDEX......Page 373
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 378