Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials: Stabilities and Applications

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Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials: Stabilities and Applications
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Contents
Preface
1. Introductions of Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials
	1.1 History of DNA‐Based Nanomaterials – Design and Construction
		1.1.1 DNAzymes
		1.1.2 Aptamers
		1.1.3 Triplex DNA
		1.1.4 DNA Origami and DNA Tiles
	References
2. The Methods to Improve the Stability of Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Methods to Improve Stability
		2.2.1 Artificial Nucleic Acids
		2.2.2 Backbone Modification of Nucleic Acids
			2.2.2.1 Phosphate Group Modifications
			2.2.2.2 Nucleobase or Ribose Modifications
		2.2.3 Coating with Protective Structures
		2.2.4 Covalent Crosslinking
		2.2.5 Tuning Buffer Conditions
		2.2.6 Construction of Novel NAN
	2.3 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
3. Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials: A Promising Vehicle for Small Molecular Cargos
	3.1 Basis of FNAs as Potential Drug Carriers
		3.1.1 Classification and Construction of FNAs
		3.1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties
		3.1.3 Biological Properties
	3.2 Small‐molecule Cargos
		3.2.1 Antitumor Agents
			3.2.1.1 Chemotherapeutic Drugs
			3.2.1.2 Phototherapeutic Agents
		3.2.2 Antibiotic Agents
		3.2.3 Phytochemicals
	3.3 Merits of FNA Delivery Systems in Biomedical Application
		3.3.1 Efficient Drug Delivery
		3.3.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
		3.3.3 Controlled Drug Release
		3.3.4 Overcoming Drug Resistance
	3.4 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
4. The Application of Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Treatment Mechanisms in Mitochondrial Dysfunction
		4.2.1 Treating in mtDNA
			4.2.1.1 Clearing Mutations
			4.2.1.2 Inhibiting Replication
		4.2.2 Treating in mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
			4.2.2.1 Increase Normal RNA
			4.2.2.2 Silencing Abnormal RNA
			4.2.2.3 Treating in Noncoding RNA
	4.3 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterial‐Based Delivery System in Mitochondrial Treatment
		4.3.1 Cell and Mitochondria Targeting
			4.3.1.1 Cell Targeting
			4.3.1.2 Mitochondria Targeting
		4.3.2 Framework Nucleic Acid‐Based Delivery System in Mitochondria Treatment
	4.4 Challenges and Prospectives
	Funding
	References
5. Regeneration of Bone-Related Diseases by Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials: Perspectives from Tissue Regeneration and Molecular Medicine
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Development Process of Functional Nucleic Acid
		5.2.1 DNA Tile
		5.2.2 DNA Origami
		5.2.3 Three‐dimensional DNA Self‐assembly
		5.2.4 DNA Nanobots and DNA Microchips
	5.3 Nucleic Acid‐Based Functional Nanomaterials
		5.3.1 Nanomaterials That Can Bind to Functional Nucleic Acids
			5.3.1.1 Metal‐Based Nanomaterials
			5.3.1.2 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials
			5.3.1.3 Bionanomaterials
			5.3.1.4 Quantum Dots
			5.3.1.5 Magnetic Nanomaterials
			5.3.1.6 Composite Nanomaterials
		5.3.2 Combination of Functional Nucleic Acids and Nanomaterials
	5.4 Multiple Roles of Nucleic Acid‐Based Functional Nanomaterials in Bone Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		5.4.1 Sustained Release
		5.4.2 Bone Targeting
		5.4.3 Scaffold Material for Bone Regeneration
		5.4.4 Bioimaging of Bone Tissue Regeneration
	5.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
6. In Situ Fluorescence Imaging and Biotherapy of Tumor Based on Hybridization Chain Reaction
	6.1 Hybridization Chain Reaction
	6.2 Nucleic Acid Detection
		6.2.1 miRNA Detection
			6.2.1.1 Autocatalytic HCR Biocircuit
			6.2.1.2 Nonlinear HCR System
		6.2.2 Single‐Nucleotide Variants Detection
	6.3 Protein Detection
		6.3.1 Antibody‐Based HCR System
		6.3.2 Aptamer‐Based HCR System
	6.4 Multiple Target Detection
		6.4.1 Combined HCR‐Based Probe
		6.4.2 HCR‐Based Logic Gate
	6.5 HCR‐Based Assembly Nanoplatforms
	6.6 HCR‐Based Tumor Biotherapy
		6.6.1 Chemotherapy
		6.6.2 Photodynamic Therapy
		6.6.3 RNA Interfering Therapy
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7. Application and Prospects of Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials in Tumor Therapy
	7.1 Development of Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials
	7.2 Properties and Applications of Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials
		7.2.1 tFNAs
		7.2.2 DNA Origami
		7.2.3 Dynamic DNA Nanostructure
	7.3 Conclusion
	References
8. Application of Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
	8.1 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
	8.2 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials
	8.3 Nucleic Acid and Drugs
	8.4 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
		8.4.1 Diabetes Mellitus
		8.4.2 Osteoporosis
		8.4.3 Obesity
		8.4.4 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
	8.5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
9. The Antibacterial Applications of Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials: Current Progress and Further Perspectives
	9.1 Some Advantages of DNA Nanostructures in the Antibacterial Field
		9.1.1 Compatibility of DNA Nanostructures
		9.1.2 Stability of DNA Nanostructures
		9.1.3 Editability of DNA Nanostructures
		9.1.4 Drug‐loading Performance of DNA Nanostructures
	9.2 Application of 2D Nanostructures in the Antibacterial Field
		9.2.1 Five “Holes” DNA Nanostructure
		9.2.2 Super Silver Nanoclusters Based on Branched DNA
		9.2.3 Melamine‐DNA‐AgNC Complex
		9.2.4 NET‐like Nanogel Based on 2D DNA Networks
		9.2.5 ϵ‐poly‐l‐lysine‐DNA Nanocomplex
	9.3 Application of 3D DNA Nanostructures in the Antibacterial Field
		9.3.1 Tetrahedral Framework DNA
			9.3.1.1 Delivery of Traditional Antibiotics Based on Tetrahedral Framework DNA
			9.3.1.2 Delivery of Nucleic Acid Antibiotics Based on Tetrahedral Framework DNA
			9.3.1.3 Delivery of Polypeptide Antibiotics Based on Tetrahedral Framework DNA
		9.3.2 DNA Six‐Helix Bundle
		9.3.3 DNA Nanoribbon
		9.3.4 DNA Pom‐Pom Nanostructure
	9.4 Application of DNA Hydrogel Nanostructures in the Antibacterial Field
	9.5 Challenges and Further Perspectives
	References
10. Framework Nucleic Acid Nanomaterial-Based Therapy for Osteoarthritis: Progress and Prospects
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Pathology of OA
	10.3 Risk Factors of OA
	10.4 Challenges for OA Therapy
	10.5 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterial‐Based Therapy for OA
		10.5.1 Vector‐Independent Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials for OA Therapy
			10.5.1.1 Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids (tFNAs)
			10.5.1.2 Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs)
			10.5.1.3 Aptamers
		10.5.2 Vector‐Dependent Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials for OA Therapy
			10.5.2.1 MicroRNA (miRNA) Mimics
			10.5.2.2 Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
			10.5.2.3 cDNA
			10.5.2.4 mRNA
			10.5.2.5 Circular RNA (CircRNA)
		10.5.3 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials as Carriers for OA Therapy
	10.6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
Index