Nuclear Structure Far from Stability: New Physics and New Technology 2008 (International School of Physics)

Indice......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 20
Gruppo fotografico dei partecipanti al Corso......Page 21
1. Introduction......Page 24
2. Dynamic symmetries and supersymmetries......Page 25
3. Shape phase transitions......Page 31
4. Critical symmetries......Page 34
5. Conclusions......Page 35
Dedication......Page 36
1. Introduction......Page 37
2. Nuclear shells......Page 39
3. A diabatic dynamics of heavy nuclear system......Page 40
4. Deep inelastic scattering of heavy nuclei......Page 42
5. Low-energy collisions of transactinide nuclei......Page 45
6. Conclusion......Page 50
Introduction: Nuclear spectroscopy: an old story......Page 52
1. The γ-scintillation era......Page 53
2. Nuclear spectroscopy with direct reactions......Page 65
3. Selection of nuclear states. In beam γ-ray spectroscopy. The advent of heavy-ion nuclear reactions......Page 71
4. The evolution of the nuclear-structure problem. The case of 1f[sub(7/2)] spectroscopy......Page 74
4.1. The revival of 1f[sub(7/2)] spectroscopy......Page 75
5. Conclusions......Page 78
1. Overview......Page 80
2. The radioactive beam facility......Page 83
3.1. The low-energy branch......Page 85
3.2. High-resolution in-flight spectroscopy (HISPEC)......Page 86
3.4. The advanced trapping system MATS......Page 88
4.1. Reactions with Relativistic Radioactive Beams (R[sup(3)]B)......Page 89
4.2. Collective multipole response of proton-neutron asymmetric nuclei......Page 92
5.2. Reactions at internal targets in the NESR (EXL)......Page 94
5.3. Electron scattering with short-lived nuclei (ELISe)......Page 97
5.4. The Antiproton-Ion-Collider AIC......Page 98
6. Conclusion......Page 99
SPIRAL2 at GANIL: A world leading ISOL facility for the next decade......Page 102
1. Introduction......Page 103
2. Description of the project......Page 104
3.1. Intense stable beams from LINAG......Page 106
3.2. The radioactive ion production system......Page 108
4. Selected examples of the scientific opportunities at SPIRAL2......Page 110
5. Construction of the facility and International Collaborations......Page 112
6. Conclusion......Page 114
2. Production of radioactive beams......Page 116
2.1. REX-ISOLDE......Page 117
3.1. Nuclear masses......Page 118
3.2. Nuclear moments......Page 119
4.1. Miniball experiments......Page 120
4.2. Transfer experiments......Page 121
5. The HIE-ISOLDE project......Page 122
1. Nuclei far from the stability......Page 124
2. Fast RI beam and new experimental methods......Page 125
3.1. Overview......Page 127
3.2. Status of RIBF......Page 129
3.3. New experimental installations......Page 130
4. Conclusions......Page 131
1. Introduction......Page 134
2.1. Argonne υ[sub(ij)]......Page 136
2.2. Illinois V[sub(ijk)]......Page 137
2.3. What makes nuclear structure?......Page 139
3. Quantum Monte Carlo methods......Page 141
4.1. The one-body part of Ψ[sub(T)], Φ......Page 142
4.2. Representing Ψ[sub(T)] in the computer......Page 143
4.3. A variational Monte Carlo calculation......Page 145
4.4. Accuracy of VMC energies......Page 146
5. Green's function Monte Carlo—General description......Page 147
5.1. The short-time propagator......Page 148
5.2. Problems with nuclear GFMC......Page 149
5.4. Examples of GFMC propagation......Page 152
6.1. Ordering of states in [sup(10)]Be and [sup(10)]B......Page 154
6.2. Charge dependence and isospin mixing......Page 156
6.3. Can modern nuclear Hamiltonians tolerate a bound tetraneutron?......Page 158
7. GFMC for scattering states......Page 160
8.1. RMS radii and one-body densities of helium isotopes......Page 162
8.2. Is an alpha-particle in a sea of neutrons still an alpha-particle?......Page 164
8.3. Two-nucleon knockout—(e, e'pN)......Page 165
9. Conclusions......Page 166
1. Introduction......Page 170
2. Ab initio no-core shell model......Page 171
2.2. Basis......Page 172
2.3. Effective interaction......Page 176
2.4. Convergence tests......Page 180
3. Light nuclei from chiral EFT interactions......Page 184
4. Cluster overlap functions and S-factors of capture reactions......Page 191
4.1. [sup(7)]Be(p, γ)[sup(8)]B......Page 193
4.2. [sup(3)]He(α, γ)[sup(7)]Be......Page 197
4.3. [sup(3)]H(α, γ)[sup(7)]Li......Page 198
5. Towards the ab initio NCSM with continuum......Page 200
6. Conclusions......Page 204
1. Introduction......Page 208
2.1. Degrees of freedom......Page 209
2.2. The nucleon-nucleon potential......Page 211
3. The Unitary Correlation Operator Method (UCOM)......Page 213
3.2. Radial correlator......Page 214
3.3. Tensor correlator......Page 215
4.1. FMD many-body states......Page 217
4.2. Center-of-mass projection......Page 218
4.4. K-mixing......Page 219
4.5. Many-body Hilbert space......Page 220
4.6. Ritz variational principle......Page 221
4.7. Generator Coordinate Method (GCM)......Page 222
5.1. Be isotopes......Page 223
5.2. Unnatural parity ground state in [sup(11)]Be......Page 225
5.3. [sup(12)]C......Page 226
6.1. He isotopes......Page 231
7. S-factor and neutron skins......Page 233
1. Introduction......Page 238
2. Evidence of clustering......Page 241
2.1. The [sup(12)]C+[sup(12)]C scattering resonances......Page 242
3.1. Angular correlation: general method......Page 244
4.2. [sup(12)]C......Page 248
4.3. Nuclear dimers and polymers......Page 249
5. Quasi-free processes to probe clustering in light nuclei......Page 252
6. Nuclear clusters as virtual projectiles/targets for nuclear astrophysics: the Trojan Horse Method......Page 254
6.1. p – p scattering via the THM......Page 256
7. Conclusions......Page 258
Borromean halo nuclei: Continuum structures and reactions......Page 260
1. Borromean physics—Dreams and realization......Page 261
2. Emergent degrees of freedom—Few-body modelling......Page 262
2.1. Spatial continuum correlations......Page 265
2.2. Energy correlations......Page 267
3. Physics of the Borromean continuum; correlations of break-up fragments......Page 269
4. Many-body ab initio approaches......Page 271
4.1. Historical perspective on the Berggren expansion......Page 273
4.2. Modern ab initio approaches......Page 274
4.3. Elements of Coupled Cluster theory......Page 275
4.4. Coupled Cluster approach to open quantum systems......Page 278
5. Future of many-body open quantum systems......Page 280
1. Basics of shell model......Page 284
1.1. What is the shell model?......Page 285
1.2. Why is the shell model useful?......Page 291
1.3. Some remarks on shell model calculations......Page 295
1.4. How do we perform shell model calculations?......Page 302
2. Construction of an effective interaction and an example in the pf shell......Page 303
3. The N = 2 problem: does the gap change?......Page 304
4. Summary......Page 306
1. Introduction......Page 314
2. High-quality nucleon-nucleon potentials......Page 316
3. The shell-model effective interaction......Page 317
4. The low-momentum nucleon-nucleon potential V[sub(low-k)]......Page 318
5. Exotic nuclei beyond [sup(132)]Sn: comparison with available results and predictions......Page 320
6. Concluding remarks......Page 324
1. Introduction......Page 326
2. The mirror pair [sup(50)]Fe-[sup(50)]Cr and the nucleon alignment......Page 329
3. The mirror pair [sup(48)]Mn-[sup(48)]V and the Monopole Coulomb radial term......Page 332
4. The mirror pair [sup(54)]Ni-[sup(54)]Fe and the ISB term......Page 333
5. The mirror pair [sup(39)]Ca-[sup(39)]K and the electromagnetic spin-orbit term......Page 335
6. Conclusions......Page 338
1. Introduction......Page 340
2. Astrophysical nuclear reaction rates......Page 341
3. Hydrostatic burning stages......Page 344
3.1. Hydrogen burning......Page 346
3.2. Solar neutrinos......Page 348
3.3. Helium burning......Page 350
3.4. Carbon, neon, oxygen, silicon burning......Page 351
4. Core collapse supernovae......Page 353
4.1. Electron captures in core-collapse supernovae—the general picture......Page 354
4.2. Weak-interaction rates and presupernova evolution......Page 356
4.3. The role of electron capture during collapse......Page 358
5. Making heavy elements in explosive nucleosynthesis......Page 360
5.1. The νp process......Page 361
5.2. The r-process......Page 363
1. Introduction......Page 370
2.1. Symmetry......Page 371
2.3. Dynamical symmetry breaking......Page 372
3. Dynamical symmetries in quantal many-body systems......Page 373
3.1. Many-particle states in second quantization......Page 374
3.2. Particle-number conserving spectrum generating algebras......Page 375
3.3. Particle-number non-conserving dynamical algebras......Page 378
4. The interacting boson model......Page 380
4.1. Hamiltonian......Page 381
4.2. Dynamical symmetries......Page 383
4.3. Partial dynamical symmetries......Page 385
4.5. The classical limit......Page 386
5. Triaxiality in the interacting boson model......Page 389
5.2. A specific three-body Hamiltonian......Page 390
5.4. Results for the neutron-rich ruthenium isotopes......Page 392
6. Global calculations for spectra and binding energies......Page 397
1. Introduction......Page 408
2. Foundations of the IBA......Page 411
3. The IBA Hamiltonian and group theoretical concepts......Page 414
4.1. U(5)......Page 419
4.2. SU(3)......Page 425
4.3. O(6)......Page 428
5. More general properties of the IBA: Calculations throughout the triangle......Page 432
1. Introduction......Page 446
2.1. Quasi-spin algebra......Page 449
2.2. Gaudin algebra......Page 451
2.3. Exact solution for degenerate spectra......Page 455
2.4. Exact solutions with two shells......Page 457
2.5. Solutions of Bethe ansatz equations......Page 458
3. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics in nuclear physics......Page 459
3.2. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics and pairing in nuclei......Page 460
4. Dynamical supersymmetries in nuclear physics......Page 461
5. Application of symmetry techniques to subbarrier fusion......Page 462
6. Application of algebraic techniques in nuclear astrophysics......Page 463
7. Conclusions......Page 465
Dynamical symmetries and regular vs. chaotic quantum motion in realistic models of nuclear structure......Page 470
1. Introduction......Page 471
2. Algebraic features of the IBM-2......Page 473
3. Statistical analysis of regular and chaotic behavior of nuclear spectra......Page 475
3.1. Phenomenological descriptions of the nuclear level densities......Page 476
3.2. IBM collective enhancement factors for level densities......Page 482
4. Results and discussion......Page 483
5. Conclusions......Page 495
1. Introduction......Page 500
2. Parity violation in weak interactions......Page 501
3. Neutrino oscillations and the problem of the neutrino mass......Page 504
4.2. Measurements on the Cosmic Ray Background......Page 506
4.3. Double beta decay......Page 507
5. Conclusions......Page 517
Experimental results on the GDR at finite temperature and in exotic nuclei......Page 520
2. The width of the GDR at finite temperature......Page 521
3. Excitation of the dynamical dipole in heavy-ion fusion reactions......Page 528
4. Search for the pygmy resonance in [sup(68)]Ni......Page 531
5. Conclusion......Page 534
1. Introduction......Page 538
2. Collective modes in Tamm-Dancoff and random phase approximations......Page 539
3. A well-established multiphonon approach: The quasi-particle–phonon model......Page 543
4. A new multiphonon approach: An equation-of-motion phonon method......Page 544
4.1. Equations of motion......Page 545
4.2. Overcompleteness of the basis and removal of the redundancy......Page 546
4.3. Solution of the full eigenvalue problem......Page 548
5.1. Energy levels and transition probabilities......Page 550
6. Conclusions......Page 555
1. E0 transitions in nuclei......Page 558
2. Experimental procedures......Page 561
3. Results......Page 562
4. Conclusion......Page 565
1. Introduction......Page 568
3. Interpretation......Page 570
1. Introduction......Page 574
2. Neutron detection......Page 575
5. Digital pulse-shape discrimination......Page 576
6. Conclusion and outlook......Page 577
Elenco dei partecipanti......Page 580