Novel Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Oxidative Stress

Front Cover
Novel Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Oxidative Stress
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Novel therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative stress in mood disorders
	1  Introduction
	2  The production of ROS in the brain
	3  The elimination of ROS in the brain
	4  Oxidative stress in the brain
	5  Markers of oxidative stress and mood disorders
	6  Antioxidant treatments in mood disorders
		6.1  Antioxidant action of conventional treatments for mood disorders
		6.2  Antioxidants as an add-on therapy in mood disorders
			6.2.1  N -acetylcysteine (NAC)
			6.2.2 Medications with some antioxidant action but not as the main mechanism of action
		6.3  Manipulation of oxidative stress through lifestyle interventions
	7  Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Ferroptosis: Oxidative stress and pathophysiology
	1  Introduction
	2  Immunology
	3  Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	Conflict of interest
	References
Chapter 3: Oxidative stress and its biological significance
	1  Introduction
	2  Oxidative stress in 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) leading to apoptosis
	3  Antioxidant supplementation increasing tumorigenesis
		3.1  Generation of mitochondrial ROS and cancer formation
	4  Regulation of the cell cycle in the oxidative state
	5  Viral infections and oxidative stress
	6  Epigenetic factors and carcinogenesis
	7  Extracellular superoxide angles and apoptosis
		7.1  HNE and its adducts in the regulation of transcription factors
		7.2  How oxidative DNA damage is critical to cancer
		7.3  Transcription factors that promote cancer
		7.4  Tumor-promoting genetic changes induce endogenous antioxidants
		7.5  Endogenous antioxidants promote cell migration and metastasis
		7.6   N -acetylcysteine—More than an antioxidant
		7.7  The NADPH relationship and the redox potential
		7.8  The ambiguous relationship between mitochondrial metabolism and ROS
		7.9  ROS stimulates or inhibits tumorigenesis
		7.10  Conceptual and experimental limitations of ROS in the field of redox cancer biology
		7.11  Cell senescence and tumor suppression
		7.12  The mTOR pathway is involved in the senescent phenotype and cancer
	8  Extreme oxidative stress with T cells
	9  Oxidative stress in lung cancer
		9.1  Adenocarcinoma (AC)
		9.2  Squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC)
		9.3  Large cell carcinoma (LCC)
	10  Inflammation and lung cancer
		10.1  Risk factors for lung cancer, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress
		10.2  Immune response T helper 17 (Th17)
		10.3  Inflammatory cells and lung cancer
		10.4  Lung cancer and Tregs
		10.5  Th17 cells and lung cancer
		10.6  Quantitative relationships between Th17s and Tregs in lung cancer prognosis
		10.7  DNA methylation and lung cancer
		10.8  ATP and NSCLC-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes SWI/SNF
		10.9  KATs/HDACs and oxidative stress pathways
		10.10  KEAP1-NRF2-ARE signaling path
		10.11  Epigenetics, NSCLC, and oxidative stress pathways/genes
			10.11.1 MRF2
		10.12  Heme oxygenase 1
		10.13  Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α
			10.13.1 PGC-1 α
		10.14  Oxidative stress, acetylation, and its role in NF-kB regulation
	11  Oxidative stress in breast cancer
		11.1  Controversy over the effect of antioxidants on breast cancer
		11.2  miRNA
		11.3  miRNA modulates oxidative stress master regulators: NRF2 and NF-kB
		11.4  miRNA modulates pathways altered by oxidative stress
			11.4.1 Metabolism
			11.4.2 Hypoxia
	12  Response to therapy
		12.1  BCSCs exhibit lower levels of ROS
		12.2  Oxidative stress induces premature senescence in BCSCs
	References
Chapter 4: Novel therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative stress in aging
	1  Introduction
	2  Hallmarks of aging
	3  Causes of aging
	4  Age-associated diseases
		4.1  Alzheimer’s disease
		4.2  Cardiovascular disease
		4.3  Diabetes
		4.4  Cancer
	5  Novel therapeutic approaches
		5.1  Role of quercetin
		5.2  Role of curcumin
		5.3  Role of resveratrol
	6  Liposomes
		6.1  Charge on liposomes
		6.2  Role of liposomes in various diseases
	7  Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5: Novel therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases
	1  Introduction
	2  Dimensions of aging in the investigation of neurodegeneration
		2.1  Structural changes in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
		2.2  Amyloid deposition
		2.3  Oxidative stress
		2.4  Immunosenescence
		2.5  Telomere shortening
	3  Clinical implications
		3.1  Antioxidants and antiaging agents’ development as drugs
		3.2  Other pharmacological interventions
		3.3  Nonpharmacological interventions
	4  Implications for research
	Acknowledgment
	Conflicts of interest/competing interests
	References
Chapter 6: The role of oxidative stress in kidney diseases
	1  Introduction
	2  Kidney architecture at the cellular level
	3  Nephrotoxicity and renal pathology
		3.1  Source of nephrotoxicity
			3.1.1 Therapeutic agents
			3.1.2 Environmental pollutants/toxins
			3.1.3 Diagnostic agents
			3.1.4 Alternative/health products
	4  Classification of kidney diseases
		4.1  Acute renal injury (ARI)
		4.2  Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
	5  The chemical species of oxidative stress
		5.1  Cellular mechanism for the formation of reactive oxygen species
	6  Cellular antioxidant defense system
		6.1  Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
		6.2  Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX)
	7  Sources of ROS in the kidneys
		7.1  NADPH oxidase as a source of ROS
		7.2  Mitochondrial ROS
	8  Reactive oxygen species and kidney diseases
	9  Oxidative stress in the renal tubules
		9.1  Proximal tubule
		9.2  Medulla
		9.3  Distal and collecting duct
	10  Oxidative stress in the glomerulus
	11  Oxidative stress in the renal vasculature
	12  Role of ROS in ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute kidney injury
	References
Chapter 7: The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants across the spectrum of acute coronary syndrome
	1  Introduction
	2  Oxidative stress
	3  Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress
	4  Molecular effects of oxidative stress
	5  Oxidative stress in coronary artery disease
	6  Coronary microvascular dysfunction
	7  Oxidative stress and lipids, protein, and DNA damage
	8  Therapies for oxidative stress-associated cardiovascular diseases
		8.1  Antioxidant molecules
			8.1.1 Nutritional supplements
			8.1.2 Novel experimental antioxidant-based therapies
			8.1.3 Antioxidant role of clinical drugs
		8.2  miRNAs
		8.3  Limitations
	9  Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Biosensors in the detection of oxidative stress using discovered biomarkers
	1  Introduction
	2  Biosensors
		2.1  Working principle
		2.2  Types of biosensors
			2.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors
			2.2.2 Optical biosensors
		2.3  Other biosensors
			2.3.1 Piezoelectric biosensors
			2.3.2 Calorimetric biosensors
			2.3.3 Immuno-biosensors
			2.3.4 Nano biosensors
			2.3.5 Fluorescent biosensors
			2.3.6 Whole cell biosensors
	3  Biomarkers
		3.1  Genomic biomarkers
		3.2  Transcriptomic biomarkers
		3.3  Proteomic biomarkers
		3.4  Metabolomic biomarkers
	4  Overview of discovered biomarkers for oxidative stress
	5  Management of oxidative stress conditions
		5.1  Habits and lifestyle
		5.2  Food and beverage intake
		5.3  Supplements and antioxidants
		5.4  Yoga, exercise, and meditation
		5.5  Healthcare situations and its management
	6  Research trends and future challenges in development of biosensors
	7  Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9: Biochemical approaches/methods in the detection of free radicals
	1  Introduction
	2  In vitro methods
	3  Chemiluminescence-derived methods using luciferine derivatives
	4  Reduction of cytochrome c
	5  NBT tests
	6  Aconitase inactivation
	7  Boronates
	8  In vivo methods
	9  Redox potential of the GSH/GSSG couple
	10  Measurement of F2-isoprostanes as indicators of lipid per-oxidation
	11  Reporter assays
	12  Fluorescent protein-based methods
	13  Analytical methods
	14  Fluorescence-dependent methods
	15  Electron spin resonance (ESR) or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy
	16  Spin trapping technique
	17  Immuno-spin trapping of macromolecules
	18  Combined IST and mMRI detection
	19  Pulse radiolysis
	20  Chromatography-based techniques
	21  Other biochemical methods
	22  Summary
	References
Chapter 10: Novel therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative stress in breast and lung cancer
	1  Introduction
	2  Epidemiology and risk factors
		2.1  Breast cancer epidemiology
		2.2  Lung cancer epidemiology
	3  Role of oxidative stress in cancer pathophysiology
		3.1  Tumor cellular proliferation and oxidative stress
		3.2  Metastasis and oxidative stress
		3.3  Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and oxidative stress
			3.3.1 MicroRNAs regulated by ROS in cancer
	4  Classification of breast and lung cancer
		4.1  Breast cancer
			4.1.1 Noninvasive breast cancer (NIBC)
			4.1.2 Invasive breast cancer (IBC)
			4.1.3 Inflammatory breast cancer
			4.1.4 Paget’s disease of the breast
			4.1.5 Phyllodes tumor
		4.2  Lung cancer
			4.2.1 Small cell lung carcinoma
		4.3  Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
	5  Conventional therapies for cancer treatment
		5.1  Conventional therapies for breast cancer treatment
			5.1.1 Surgery
			5.1.2 Radiation therapy
			5.1.3 Systemic therapy
				HR   + / ERBB2   − subtype
			5.1.4 Chemotherapy regimen selection for ERBB2   − subtypes
			5.1.5 Triple-negative subtype
			5.1.6  ERBB2   + subtype
		5.2  Systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer
		5.3  Conventional therapies for lung cancer treatment
			5.3.1 Surgery and radiotherapy
			5.3.2 Chemotherapy
			5.3.3 Targeted therapy
	6  Novel approaches for cancer therapeutics
		6.1  Repurposing of drugs
		6.2  Immunotherapy approach
			6.2.1 Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
			6.2.2 Immune cytokine-based strategies
			6.2.3 Tumor-targeted superantigen/ligand-targeted superantigen
		6.3  Enzyme/small molecules strategies
			6.3.1 Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC)
			6.3.2 Antibody-drug conjugation systems (ADCs)
			6.3.3 Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy
		6.4  Nanotechnology-based therapy
		6.5  Combinatorial cancer therapies and precision medicine
		6.6  Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs)
	7  Therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative stress in cancer
		7.1  Oxidative stress-based cancer therapeutics
		7.2  Mitochondria as a target for cancer therapeutics
	8  Conclusion
	9  Future perspective
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 11: Advancements in novel drug delivery systems: Providing a challenge and threat to oxidative stress in various d ...
	1  Introduction
	2  Anti-oxidants working principle and pathways
	3  Types of anti-oxidants and their mode of action
	4  Traditional approaches
	5  Innovative approaches in nano delivery of natural and synthetic anti-oxidants
		5.1  Natural antioxidants
		5.2  Synthetic antioxidants
	6  Limitations and future perspectives of novel drug delivery systems at clinical translation level
	7  Summary
	References
	Further reading
Index
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