Novel Developments in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

CONTENTS
PREFACE
List of Contributors
Advances in Validated Chromatographic Assay of Solid Dosage Forms and Their Drug Dissolution Studies
	Sevinc Kurbanoglu1, Ozgur Esim2, Ayhan Savaser2, Sibel A. Ozkan1,* and Yalcin Ozkan2
	INTRODUCTION
		Classification of Solid Oral Dosage Forms
			Extracts
			Powders
			Granules
			Pellicles
			Pills
			Capsules
			Lozenges, Troches, Pastilles
			Oromucosal Preparations
			Tablets
			Pellets
		Quality Control of Solid Oral Dosage Forms
			Uniformity of Dosage Units
			Disintegration
			Dissolution
		Importance of Dissolution in Pharmacy
			Comparison of Dissolution Profiles
			In Vitro and In Vivo Relationships and Bioequivalence Challenges in Dissolution Method Development
		Liquid Chromatography in Dissolution Testing
		Validation in Chromatographic Analysis
			System Suitability Tests
			Linearity and Range
			Limit of Detection
			Limit of Quantification
			Accuracy
			Precision
			Selectivity
			Sensitivity
			Robustness
			Stability
		Development of Method for Drug Dissolution Testing
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Novel Validated UHPLC Method for the Estimation of Drug Active Compounds
	Mehmet Gumustas, Bengi Uslu and Sibel A. Ozkan*
	INTRODUCTION
		Liquid Chromatographic Techniques
			Stationary Phases (Columns)
		UHPLC Over HPLC
		Detector Types for UHPLC
			UV-VIS Detectors
			Tunable UV (TUV) Detector
			Photo Diode Array (PDA) Detector
			Fluorescence (FLR) Detector
			Refractive Index (RI) Detector
			Evaporative Light Scattering (ELS) Detector
			Mass Spectrometer (MS) Detector
		Application on Drug Assay
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	FUTURE DEMANDS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
HILIC Based LC/MS for Metabolite Analysis
	Emirhan Nemutlu* and Sedef Kır
	INTRODUCTION
		Separation Mechanism
	PARAMETERS EFFECTS ON SEPARATIONS
		Stationary Phase Effects
		Mobile Phase Effects on Separation
			Organic Phase
			pH
			Ionic Strength
			Detectors
			Sample Preparation
		Development Steps of HILIC Method
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
In Vitro Methods for the Evaluation of Oxidative Stress
	Hande Gurer Orhan1,*, Sibel Suzen2, Tamás Bálint Csont3, Miroslav Pohanka4, Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk5, Grzegorz Węgrzyn5 and Luciano Saso6
	INTRODUCTION
	1. DETERMINATION OF LIPID, PROTEIN AND DNA OXIDATION PRODUCTS AS BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE TO REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
		1.1. Lipid Oxidation Products as Biomarkers
			Aldehydes
			Isoprostanes
		1.2. Protein Oxidation Products as Biomarkers
			Protein Carbonyls
			Oxidized Amino Acids
		1.3. DNA Oxidation Products as Biomarkers
	2. DETECTION OF FREE RADICALS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
	3. FLUORESCENT ASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
	4. VOLTAMMETRY OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ANTIOXIDANTS.
	5. MEASUREMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BACTERIA
		5.1. Direct and Indirect Probe-based Measurement of ROS
		5.2. Measurement of the Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules
			Measurement of Protein Damage
			Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation
		5.3. Measurement of Antioxidants
	CONCLUSIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
The Application of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Studies of Structural Polymorphism of Drugs
	Przemysław Zalewski1, Gabriela Wiergowska1,2, Joanna Goscianska3, Kornelia Lewandowska4 and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Polymorphism of Active Pharmaceutical Substance
		The Influence of Polymorphism and Amorphization on the Physicochemical Properties of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Excipients
		Vibrational Methods Used for Identification of Crystalline and Amorphous Forms of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Excipients
			Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
			Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy
			Raman Spectroscopy
		Polymorphism of Excipients
		Methods of Stabilization of Polymorphic and Amorphous Forms of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Conductive Polymers and Their Applications in Biomedical Analysis
	Sławomira Skrzypek* and Paweł Krzyczmonik
	INTRODUCTION
	CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS
	NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS
		Quantum Dots
			Core-type Quantum Dots
			Core-shell Quantum Dots
			Alloyed Quantum Dots
			Carbon Nanostructured Materials
			Fullerenes and Nanotubes
			Graphene
			Functionalization with Nanoparticles
			Functionalization with Organic Compounds
			Functionalization with Polymers
			Functionalization with Biomaterials
	TYPES OF DETECTION IN BIOSENSORS
		Potentiometric Detection
		Amperometric Detection
			Detection of Oxygen
			Detection of Hydrogen Dioxide
			Detection of NADH
	BIOSENSORS
		Glucose Biosensors
		Cholesterol Biosensors
		Biosensor Based on Laccase
		Urea Biosensors
		Affinity Biosensors
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
New Trends in Electrochemical Sensors Modified with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Pharmaceutical Analysis
	Burcin Bozal-Palabiyik, Burcu Dogan-Topal, Sibel A. Ozkan and Bengi Uslu*
	INTRODUCTION
	CARBON NANOTUBES
		The Structure and Properties of CNTs
		Synthesis and Characterization of CNTs
		Preparation of CNT-Based Electrodes
		Advantages and Limitations of CNT-Modified Electrodes
		Applications of CNTs in Pharmaceutical Analysis
	GRAPHENE
		The Structure and Properties of Graphene
		Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene
		Preparation of Graphene-Based Electrodes
		Advantages and Limitations of Graphene-Modified Electrodes
		Applications of Graphene in Pharmaceutical Analysis
	CONCLUSION
	ABBRAVIATIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Electrochemical Nanobiosensors in Pharmaceutical Analysis
	Sevinc Kurbanoglu1,2, Sibel A. Ozkan1 and Arben Merkoçi2,3,*
	INTRODUCTION
		(Bio)Receptors
		Immobilization of the Biological Materials
			Adsorption
			Encapsulation
			Entrapment
			Covalent Binding
			Crosslinking
		Transducer Part of the Biosensors
		Nanomaterials in Nanobiosensing
		Applications of Electrochemical Nanobiosensors in Pharmaceutical Analysis
		a. Antibiotics, Antibacterials and Antimicrobials
		b. Cardiac Stimulant
		c. Antineoplastic Agents
		d. Antiviral Drugs
		e. Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drugs
		f. Antiemetic Drugs
		g. Adrenergic Agonist
		h. Antiparasitic
		i. Antimalarial
		j. Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, Nutritional Drugs
		k. Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		l. Pesticides
	CONCLUSIONS
	ABBREVIATIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Optical Sensor Arrays for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses
	Pavel Anzenbacher, Jr*, 1 and Mehmet Gokhan Caglayan2
	INTRODUCTION
		Chemometric Analysis of Optical Array Sensors
		Principal Component Analysis
			Linear Discriminant Analysis
			Support Vector Machines
			Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
			Neural Networks
		Optical Array Sensing in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Science
	Imran Ali1,*, Zeid A. Alothman2, Abdulrahman Alwarthan2 and Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein3,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Significance of the Ionic Liquids
		Applications of the Ionic Liquids
			Extraction
			Separation
			Liquid Chromatography
			Capillary Electrophoresis
			Gas Chromatography
			Electrochemistry
			Spectroscopy
	TOXICITY
	FUTURE PROSPECTIVE
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
New Trends in Enantioanalysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds using Electrochemical Sensors
	Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden*
	ENANTIOANALYSIS – A NEED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
	TYPES OF ENANTIOSELECTIVE, ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS USED IN ENANTIOANALYSIS
	DESIGN OF ENANTIOSELECTIVE SENSORS
		Chiral Selectors Used in the Design of the Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes
		Design of Carbon Paste Based Enantioselective Electrodes
		Design of Diamond Paste Based Enantioselective Electrodes
		Design of PVC Based Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes
		Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Enantioselective Sensors
	PHARMACEUTICAL ENANTIOANALYSIS USING POTENTIOMETRIC SENSORS
		Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Polyaniline Films
		Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Cyclodextrins
		Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Maltodextrins
		Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Antibiotics
		Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrode Based on Crown Ethers
		Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrode Based on Fullerenes
	PHARMACEUTICAL ENANTIOANALYSIS USING AMPEROMETRIC SENSORS
	PHARMACEUTICAL ENANTIOANALYSIS USING STOCHASTIC SENSORS
	CONCLUSIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
SUBJECT INDEX