Normativity and Diversity in Family Law: Lessons from Comparative Law (Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 57)

Contents
Diverse Families: A Challenge to Family Law? A Comparative Exercise
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Context
		1.2 Methodology
		1.3 Instructions
			1.3.1 Conceptual Framework
			1.3.2 Scope of Investigation
			1.3.3 Structure of the Reports
			1.3.4 Reactions of the Communities
	2 Family Law in Context
		2.1 History, Demography and Mobility
		2.2 Transnational Families
		2.3 Transnational Citizens
		2.4 Preservation and Evolution of Family and Lifestyles
		2.5 Interaction with the State
	3 Agents of Diversity
		3.1 Legislating Diversity: Always One Step Behind?
		3.2 Adjudicating Multiculturalism: A Realistic Endeavour?
		3.3 Civil Society, Lobby Groups and Communities
	4 Conclusion
	References
Uniform Law in a Divided Society: A Closer Look at the Iraqi Personal Status Code
	1 Introduction: The Outlines of Iraqi Family Law
		1.1 Iraqi Divisions
		1.2 Iraqi Family Law Before the 1959 Code
		1.3 The 1959 Personal Status Code
			1.3.1 Original Text
			1.3.2 Major Reforms
			1.3.3 Contemporary Challenges to the Code
	2 Management of Iraqi Divides in the Personal Status Code
		2.1 Marriage
			2.1.1 Intersectarian Diversity and the Code
			2.1.2 Progressive Innovations
				Child Marriage
				Obedience
		2.2 Parents and Children
			2.2.1 Custody
			2.2.2 Guardianship
			2.2.3 Child Support
		2.3 Dissolution of Marriage
			2.3.1 Pluralism and Marital Dissolution
			2.3.2 Progressive Reforms and Their Limitations
				Selectivity and Progressive Reform
				Innovations in Marital Dissolution
	3 Conclusion
	References
Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects
	1 Background and Context
	2 Sources of Law
	3 Family Law in Pakistan: An Overview
	4 Management of Diversity in Family Law in Pakistan: Some Examples
		4.1 Which Family Law Applies to Us? The Unanswered Question of the Ahmadiyya Communities in Pakistan
		4.2 Case Law Analysis
		4.3 Coming Home at Last? Transgender Communities and Their Place in Pakistan Family Law
		4.4 Judiciary as Allies?
	5 Some Concluding Reflections
	References
Quelle place pour la diversité en droit tunisien du statut personnel ?
	1 Introduction
	2 Une place limitée
		2.1 Des manifestations parcellaires
			2.1.1 Un modèle de référence
			2.1.2 Un îlot de diversité : la filiation
		2.2 Un ordre juridique peu tolérant à l´égard des modèles différents
			2.2.1 Le rejet des revendications fondées sur un modèle religieux
			2.2.2 La neutralisation des revendications non fondées sur un modèle religieux :
	3 Une place incertaine
		3.1 Une jurisprudence ambivalente
			3.1.1 Le référentiel islamique
			3.1.2 Le référentiel libéral : les droits de l´homme
		3.2 L´incertitude du nouvel ordre constitutionnel
	4 Conclusion
	Références
United Arab Emirates: Temporary Multiculturalism, but Permanent Legal Pluralism?
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Multicultural Landscape
		1.2 The Pluri-Legal Setting
	2 Multicultural Challenges in Domestic Family Law
		2.1 General Remarks
		2.2 The Challenge of Interreligiosity
		2.3 The Challenge of Multinationalism
	3 Multicultural Challenges in Private International Law
		3.1 Nationality as the Main Connecting Factor
		3.2 The Prevalence of Emirati Law
		3.3 Recent Legislative Amendments
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bottom-Up Action and Hesitant Steps Towards Accommodating Multicultural Claims in Japanese Family Law
	1 Introduction: The Changing Family and the Stance Towards Diversity in Family Law in Japan
	2 Management of Diversity
		2.1 Two-Person Relationships
			2.1.1 Non-Marital Relationships: De Facto (Heterosexual) Unions
			2.1.2 Same-Sex Marriages and Same-Sex Partnerships
				No Protection as De Facto Unions?
				Same-Sex Marriage and Art. 24 I of the Constitution
				Human Rights Relief Petition to JFBA and Lawsuits
				Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships by Local Governments
				Reaction of the LGBT Community to the Initiative Taken by the Local Governments
				Independent Steps by Japanese Private Corporations to Give Recognition to Same-Sex Partnerships
				The 2019 Marriage Equality Bill
				Transgender Persons and Marriage
				The Adoption of One´s Same-Sex Partner
		2.2 Parents and Children
			2.2.1 Same-Sex Couples and Their Children
				Same-Sex Couples and Parental Authority
				Care of the Child After the Death of the Partner with Sole Parental Custody
				Same-Sex Couples as Foster Parents
			2.2.2 Transgender Persons, Artificial Reproductive Technology, and Legal Parenthood
			2.2.3 Parental Care and Religious Beliefs
				Jehovah´s Witnesses, Blood Transfusions, and Medical Neglect by Parents
				The 2015 Tokyo Family Court Provisional Order
				Child Abuse and Law Reform
				What Constitutes Medical Neglect?
				The Patient´s Right to Self-Determination
				Religious Freedom of the Parents and the Child
			2.2.4 Status of Children from Multinational Families
				Japanese-Filipino Children
				Practical Obstacles Before Making Claims in Court
				Acknowledgment of Paternity
				Acknowledgment After the Death of the (Biological) Father
				Child Support
				Acquisition of Japanese Nationality
	3 Conclusion
	References
South Africa´s Family Laws: A Potpourri of Some Sort?
	1 Introduction
	2 Management of Diversity in Family Law
		2.1 Two (or More)-Person Relationships
			2.1.1 Marriages
				Civil Marriage (Also Known as Common Law Marriage)
				Civil Marriages Under the Civil Union Act
				Customary Marriage
				Religious Marriages
			2.1.2 Civil Union Partnerships
			2.1.3 Life Partnerships (Also Cohabitation or Domestic Partnerships)
		2.2 Parents and Children
		2.3 Dissolution of Marriage
			2.3.1 Unrecognised Relationships
			2.3.2 Recognised Relationships
				Common Law Marriage and Civil Union (Marriage or Partnership)
				Customary Marriage
		2.4 Other Relevant Fields of Family Law
	3 Conclusion
	References
Hidden but Significant Problems of Pluralism in the Family Law of the Czech Republic
	1 Introduction
	2 Management of Diversity
		2.1 Two-Person Relationships (Marriage and Other Forms of Cohabitation)
		2.2 Parents and Children Relationships (and Other Forms of Care)
			2.2.1 Parental Care and the Best Interests of the Child
			2.2.2 Adoption by Same-Sex Couples
			2.2.3 Institutional Care
			2.2.4 The Case of Roma Children and Education
		2.3 Dissolution of Marriage
	3 Conclusion
	References
Hungary: The Concept of Family Within the Framework of ``Illiberal Democracy´´
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Introduction to the Hungarian Legal System and the Socio-Political Framework
		1.2 The 2010 Political Transition
		1.3 Family Law in the Post-2010 Constitutional Regime
		1.4 Multiculturalism in the Post-2010 Constitutional Regime
	2 Management of Diversity
		2.1 Two-Person Relationships
			2.1.1 Simple Cohabitation: Civil Partnership
			2.1.2 Same-Sex Partnership: Registered Partnership
		2.2 Parents and Children (i.e. Parental Care, Custody, Guardianship, Adoption, Foster Care)
		2.3 Dissolution of Marriage
		2.4 Identification of Other Relevant Fields of Law Particular to Hungary
			2.4.1 Embryonic/Fetal Life
			2.4.2 Surrogacy
			2.4.3 Child Marriage
	3 Conclusion
	References
The Treatment of Diversity in Family Law in Belgium: Between Acknowledgment and Indifference
	1 Setting the Scene
	2 Management of Diversity
		2.1 Two-Person Relationships
			2.1.1 Sexual Minorities
			2.1.2 Cross-Cultural Minorities
		2.2 Adult-Child Relationships
			2.2.1 Sexual Minorities
			2.2.2 Cross-Cultural Minorities
	3 Conclusion
	References
Between Openness and Restriction: German Family Law and Multicultural Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Management of Diversity
		2.1 Horizontal Perspective: Couple Relationships
			2.1.1 The Legal Background
			2.1.2 Multicultural Challenges
				Integration of Foreign Culturally Defined Norms Into German Substantive Law: The Case of the Mahr
				Defence of Civil Marriage
				Defence of Liberal Access to Marriage: From the `Spaniards´ Decision to Same-Sex Marriage
				The Fight Against Child Marriages
				Protecting Access and Equal Access to Divorce: The Special Public Policy Clauses in the Rome III Regulation
		2.2 Vertical Perspective: Parent-Child Relationships
			2.2.1 The Legal Background
			2.2.2 Multicultural Challenges, in Particular, as to the Exercise of Parental Care
				General Limits on the Exercise of Parental Care
				Special Case: The Circumcision of a Male Child
				Religious Education of the Child in Multi-Religious Families
		2.3 The Status Perspective: The Person and Its Law
			2.3.1 Safeguarding Access to the Legal Recognition of a Preferred Gender
			2.3.2 Integration by Adjusting Personal Names
	3 Conclusions
	References
Love, Law, Limits and Loopholes: How Diversity Challenges Austrian Family Law
	1 Introduction: Background Information
	2 Management of Diversity
		2.1 Two-Persons Relationships
			2.1.1 Marriage and Registered Partnership
				Legal Sources
					Marriage and Sexual Orientation
					International Marriage Law
				Reactions and Responses
					Marriage and Sexual Orientation
					International Marriage Law
				Conclusion
			2.1.2 Dissolution of Marriage
			2.1.3 Non-Marital Relationships and PACS
				Legal Sources
					Non-Marital Relationships
					PACS
				Reactions and Responses
					Non-Marital Relationships
					PACS
				Conclusion
		2.2 Parent-Child Relationship
			2.2.1 Adoption
				Legal Sources
				Reactions and Responses (Eligibility to Adopt)
			2.2.2 Artificial Reproduction
				Legal Sources
				Reactions and Responses
			2.2.3 Conclusion
	3 Conclusion
	References
Balancing Cultural Claims and Universal Rights in Finnish Family Law
	1 Introduction
	2 Marriage, Religion and Culture: Practicing Joint Governance and Drawing Moral Boundaries
		2.1 Religious Marriages and the Law: A Case of Joint Governance
		2.2 Drawing Moral Boundaries of Marriage: Minors, Proxies and Polygamy
	3 Dissolution of Marriage
		3.1 Divorce and Mediation in Finnish Mosques
		3.2 Cultural Diversity and Foreign Divorces in Finnish Courts
	4 Best Interests of the Child and Cultural Diversity
		4.1 Child Welfare
		4.2 Health Care and Religious Convictions
		4.3 Cultural Diversity and the Physical Integrity of the Child: The Case of Circumcision
		4.4 The Impact of Culture and Religion in the Recognition of Foreign Adoption Decisions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Managing Religious Law in a Secular State: The Case of the Muslims of Western Thrace
	1 Introduction
	2 The Background of the Direct Application of Islamic Law and Jurisdiction
		2.1 The Legislative Background
			2.1.1 Convention of Constantinople (1881)
			2.1.2 Treaty of Athens (1913)
			2.1.3 Law 147/1914
			2.1.4 Law 2345/1920
			2.1.5 Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
			2.1.6 Law 1920/1991
			2.1.7 Law 4511/2018 and Presidential Decree 52/2019
		2.2 Judicial Background
			2.2.1 The Role of the Religious Judicial System
			2.2.2 The Role of the National Judicial System
				The Declaration of Enforceability of the Mufti´s Judgments
				The Interpretation of the Legislation
			2.2.3 The Role of the International Judicial System
	3 The Impact of Direct Application of Islamic Law and Jurisdiction
		3.1 The Uniqueness of the Special Religious Regime
		3.2 The Implications of the Special Religious Regime
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
How Does Turkish Family Law Cope with Different Ways of Living?
	1 Introduction
	2 Marriage
		2.1 Substantial Requirements for a Valid Marriage
			2.1.1 Age of Marriage
			2.1.2 Impediments to Marriage
				Permanent Impediments
					Blood Relationship and Affinity
					Existing Marriage
					Mental Illness
				Temporary Impediments
					Waiting Period for Women
					Contagious Illnesses
		2.2 Formal Requirements for a Valid Marriage
		2.3 Consequences of Nonconformity with Substantial or Formal Requirements
		2.4 New Legislation: Marriage Before a Mufti
		2.5 Mahr: A Requirement of Muslim Marriage
			2.5.1 What is Mahr?
			2.5.2 Mahr in Civil Marriages
			2.5.3 Mahr in Religious Marriages
	3 Religious Education of Children
	4 Conclusion
	References
Questionnaires
	Instructions to the National Rapporteurs
		Aim of the Project
		Definitions
		Main Question
		Proposed Structure
			Introduction
			Management of Diversity and Multicultural Claims
			Conclusion
		Le but du projet
		Définitions
		Question principale
		Canevas
			Introduction
			Accommoder la diversité
			Conclusion