Norm Clusters of Non-State Armed Groups: Mapping and Understanding the Limits of Warfare as Understood by Non-State Armed Groups

Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction: Understanding the Relationship between International Humanitarian Action and Norms of Armed Conflict
	1.1 Definition of the Puzzle and Research Question
	1.2 Theoretical Framework and Roadmap
	References
Chapter 2: Norms, Diffusion, and International Humanitarian Law
	2.1 Norms
	2.2 Theories of Norm Diffusion
	2.3 International Law, International Humanitarian Law, and Norms
	2.4 Norms in Warfare Versus Humanitarian Laws
	2.5 Norms of Armed Conflict
	References
Chapter 3: Method
	3.1 Data Collection: Codes of Conduct, Orders, and Public Communications
	3.2 Methodology
	3.3 The Coding Frame
		3.3.1 Problem
		3.3.2 Ideation
		3.3.3 Behaviour
		3.3.4 Mitigating Factors
		3.3.5 Norm Entrepreneurs
		3.3.6 Accusations of non-compliance and non-reciprocity
	3.4 Establishing the Validity and Applicability of the Norm Cluster
	3.5 Means of Tabulating Totals
	3.6 Creating an Armed Conflict Norm Cluster
	References
Chapter 4: Non-State Armed Groups in the International System
	4.1 Non-State Armed Groups
	4.2 Characteristics and Influences on Non-State Armed Groups
		4.2.1 Territorial Control
		4.2.2 Constituencies and Populations
		4.2.3 Governance and Chain of Command
		4.2.4 Ability to Enter into Foreign Relations
		4.2.5 Military Operations
		4.2.6 Further Non-State Armed Group Characteristics
	4.3 Norm Contestation and Non-State Armed Groups
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: A (Brief) History of War and Its Limits
	5.1 Pre-Historic Warfare
	5.2 Ancient Warfare (3200 B.C.E.-600 A.D.)
	5.3 Medieval Warfare (400-1500)
	5.4 Early Modern Warfare (1500-1850)
	5.5 Modern Warfare and International Humanitarian Law (1850-Present)
	5.6 Norms in Historical Laws of Warfare
	References
Chapter 6: Results and the Norm Clusters
	6.1 Behavioural Prescriptions
	6.2 Ideations
	6.3 Normative Ideation-Behaviour Relationship
	6.4 Document Types
		6.4.1 Documents Created by the Groups
		6.4.2 Agreements, Joint Statements, and Deeds of Commitment
	6.5 Group Ideology
		6.5.1 Ethno-nationalist
		6.5.2 Leftist
		6.5.3 Religious
	6.6 Chronology and Context
		6.6.1 Pre-1992
		6.6.2 1992-2001
		6.6.3 2001-2011
		6.6.4 Post-2011
	6.7 The Armed Conflict Norm Cluster
	References
Chapter 7: Discussion
	7.1 Norms of Warfare
		7.1.1 Core Norms
		7.1.2 Over-Performing Norms
		7.1.3 Under-Performing Norms
	7.2 Mitigating Factors
	7.3 Actors and Norm Clusters
		7.3.1 Non-state Armed Groups
		7.3.2 Norm Entrepreneurs
		7.3.3 Enemy Forces
		7.3.4 Civilians
		7.3.5 Implication on Norms
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: The Armed Conflict Norm Cluster: Closing the Gap Between Norms and Law in Understanding Armed Conflict
	8.1 Norms in Warfare
	8.2 Norm Clusters and Qualitative Research
	8.3 Limitations
	8.4 Conclusion
	References