Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
About the Editor
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I
	Chapter 1: An Introduction
		1.1 The Nordic Region
		1.2 The Nordics and the Arctic
		1.3 The Nordics and Arctic Policy Development
		1.4 What Are the Current Concerns of the Nordics with Respect to the Future of the Arctic?
		1.5 Pathways to the Future
		1.6 Nature of the Volume
		References
	Chapter 2: NordForsk as a Facilitator of Integrated Research on the Arctic
		2.1 European and Nordic Efforts to Re-think the Character of Research in an Era of Change
		2.2 The Nordics Look Northward
		2.3 From the First Idea to Preparatory Activities
		2.4 Planning and the Decision to Launch the Initiative
		2.5 Implementation of the Initiative
		2.6 Some Lessons Learned
		References
Part II
	Chapter 3: CLINF: Climate-Change Effects on the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, and the Associated Impacts on Northern Societies
		3.1 Building Upon a Historical Legacy of Inquiry
		3.2 The Specific Origins of the CLINF NCoE
		3.3 Climate Change in the Arctic
		3.4 Species on the Move
		3.5 Without Healthy Ecosystems, No Human Health
		3.6 Zoonoses: Diseases Transmitting from Animals to Humans
		3.7 The CLINF Nordic Centre of Excellence (NCoE)
		3.8 CLINF and Human Diseases
		3.9 Specific Undertakings of the CLINF NCoE with Regard to CSI in the North
		3.10 The CLINF Database
		3.11 Data Procurement via Citizen Science
		3.12 In Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: CLINF: An Integrated Project Design
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Objectives of Work, and Their Integrative Powers
		4.3 Integrated Project Design
		4.4 Construction of Work-Packages
		4.5 Project Synergies
		4.6 Discoveries and Lessons Learned
		4.7 Concluding Reflections
			4.7.1 The Current Status of Interdisciplinary Science Integration
			4.7.2 Causalism Versus Empirical Science, and the Complexity of Nature
		References
	Chapter 5: Modeling Climate Sensitive Infectious Diseases in the Arctic
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Environmental Datasets
		5.3 Modelling Land Surface Processes for CSI Prediction
		5.4 Hydrological Surface and Subsurface Changes Influencing Communities
			5.4.1 Infectious Disease Sensitivity to Hydroclimatic Changes
		5.5 Conclusions and Prospects
		References
	Chapter 6: Reindeer Herding and Coastal Pastures: Adaptation to Multiple Stressors and Cumulative Effects
		6.1 Reindeer Herding in Northern Norway in a Nutshell
			6.1.1 Historical Background
			6.1.2 A Brief Summary of the Current Status of Reindeer Husbandry
		6.2 Studying Adaptation: Multiple Methods and Approaches
			6.2.1 Co-producing Knowledge: Researchers and Reindeer Herders
		6.3 Adapting to Multiple and Interacting Changes
			6.3.1 Climate Change and its Effects on Reindeer Pastures
			6.3.2 The Growth in Pasture Encroachments and Fragmentation
			6.3.3 The Impact of Climate Change on the Spread of CSIs to New Geographical Areas
		6.4 The Role of Traditional Knowledge and Local Context in Adapting to Multiple and Interacting Stressors
		6.5 A Holistic Approach to Understanding the Effects of Interacting Multiple Stressors on Reindeer Herding
		References
Part III
	Chapter 7: The ARCPATH Project: Assessing Risky Environments and Rapid Change: Research on Climate, Adaptation and Coastal Communities in the North Atlantic Arctic
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 ARCPATH’s Work Packages
		7.3 Arctic and Subarctic Change
		7.4 Global and Local Climate Change in the Arctic
		7.5 ARCPATH Study Locations
		7.6 Areas for Investigation
		7.7 In Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Global Climate Models and Their Long-Term Projections
		8.3 Decadal Climate Prediction
		8.4 Downscaling and Simulation of Regional Scale Climate
		8.5 Summary
		8.6 Significance
		References
	Chapter 9: Whale Ecosystem Services and Co-production Processes Underpinning Human Wellbeing in the Arctic: Case Studies from Greenland, Iceland and Norway
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 The Theoretical Framework
		9.3 Research Methods and Case Study Locations
			9.3.1 Research Methods
			9.3.2 Case Study Locations
		9.4 An Analysis of Whale ES in the Arctic and the Utilization of the ES Cascade Model
			9.4.1 Whale ES in the Arctic
				9.4.1.1 Food Products (Meat, Blubber, Skin and Intestines)
				9.4.1.2 Whale Bones, Teeth and Baleen
				9.4.1.3 Enhanced Biodiversity and Evolutionary Potential
				9.4.1.4 Climate Regulation (Carbon Sequestration)
				9.4.1.5 Tourism (Whale Watching)
				9.4.1.6 Music and Arts (Entertainment)
				9.4.1.7 Sacred and/or Religious
				9.4.1.8 Education
				9.4.1.9 Aesthetics
				9.4.1.10 Community Cohesiveness and Cultural Identity
				9.4.1.11 Existence
				9.4.1.12 Bequest
			9.4.2 An Expanded Whale ES Cascade Model Including Co-production Processes
			9.4.3 The Stages of Whale ES Cascade Explained
				9.4.3.1 Biophysical Structure/Process/Function
				9.4.3.2 Ecosystem Service Potential
				9.4.3.3 Co-produced Ecosystem Services
				9.4.3.4 Benefits
				9.4.3.5 Value
			9.4.4 ES Co-production Processes, Actors and Power Relations: Case Study Examples
				9.4.4.1 Value Attribution
				9.4.4.2 Mobilisation of ESP
				9.4.4.3 ES Appropriation
				9.4.4.4 ES Commercialisation
		9.5 Discussion and Conclusion
			9.5.1 Possible Policy Implications
			9.5.2 Uncertainties, limitations and research needs related to whale ES cascade.
		9.6 Concluding Thoughts
		References
	Chapter 10: “Small Science”: Community Engagement and Local Research in an Era of Big Science Agendas
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Community Engagement and Knowledge Co-Production: Definitions and Considerations
		10.3 Considering Issues of Research and Community Engagement
		10.4 Implementing Collaborative Research Design Between Researchers and Field Site Communities
		10.5 A Marine Protected Area for Skjálfandi Bay: An ARCPATH Case Study in Community Engagement
		10.6 An ARCPATH Scale of Community Engagement
		10.7 Dissemination of Findings
		10.8 Summary and Conclusions
		References
Part IV
	Chapter 11: Project ReiGN: Reindeer Husbandry in a Globalizing North–Resilience, Adaptations and Pathways for Actions
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Reindeer Husbandry Within the Fennoscandian Region
		11.3 The Pastoralists of the North
			11.3.1 The Historical Emergence of Reindeer Husbandry
			11.3.2 The Early Years of Reindeer Husbandry
			11.3.3 Traditional Sámi Reindeer Husbandry
			11.3.4 States Taking Control
			11.3.5 Growing International Recognition of the Rights of Herder Communities
		11.4 Research Glimpses
		11.5 Semi-Domestic Reindeer – Coping with Climate Change
			11.5.1 Domestication
			11.5.2 Adaptive and Plastic Responses
		11.6 How Forestry Affects Herders’ Strategies toward Winter Pastures
		11.7 Governance of Reindeer Herding in Fennoscandia: What Are the “Problems” and the “Solutions”?
		11.8 Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 12: What Drives the Number of Semi-domesticated Reindeer? Pasture Dynamics and Economic Incentives in Fennoscandian Reindeer Husbandry
		12.1 Introduction
			12.1.1 Understanding the Reindeer Herding System
			12.1.2 Model Development
			12.1.3 Aims of This Chapter: System Analysis with a Bioeconomic Model
		12.2 Models and Methods
			12.2.1 A Bioeconomic Model of a Reindeer Herding System
		12.3 Results and Discussion
			12.3.1 Dynamic Solutions and Steady States
			12.3.2 Economically Optimal Steady-State Solutions in Various Situations
			12.3.3 Qualitative Analysis of Current Drivers and Economic Incentives in Finnish Reindeer Herding
			12.3.4 Case Study of the Maximum Number of Reindeer in Finland
			12.3.5 Steady-State Analysis of Current Maximum Numbers of Reindeer
			12.3.6 Dynamic Analysis of Various Options for Increasing Lichen Biomass
		12.4 Conclusions
			12.4.1 Using Detailed Bioeconomic Models in Natural Resource Management in the Arctic
			12.4.2 Sustainable Numbers of Reindeer in Finland
		References
	Chapter 13: Reindeer Herders as Stakeholders or Rights-Holders? Introducing a Social Equity-Based Conceptualization Relevant for Indigenous and Local Communities
		13.1 Introduction
			13.1.1 A Critical View on the Stakeholder Concept
			13.1.2 Indigenous and Local People as Rights-Holders
			13.1.3 Reindeer Herders as Stakeholders or Rights-Holders
			13.1.4 Objectives, Research Questions and a Road Map
		13.2 Conceptual Background
			13.2.1 Normative and Instrumental Rationales for Identifying and Engaging with Stakeholders
			13.2.2 Social Equity and Rights-Holders
			13.2.3 Social Equity and Research Questions
		13.3 Reindeer Herders as Rights-Holders? The Case of Finland
			13.3.1 How Reindeer Herders Are Recognized Politically and Legally?
			13.3.2 A Whole Way of Life at Stake
			13.3.3 Internal Governance Arrangements
		13.4 Discussion
			13.4.1 Why Should All Herders Be Considered as Rights-Holders Instead of Stakeholders?
			13.4.2 Possible Tensions Between Indigenous and Local Communities as “Rights-Holders”
		13.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Working Together: Reflections on a Transdisciplinary Effort of Co-producing Knowledge on Supplementary Feeding in Reindeer Husbandry Across Fennoscandia
		14.1 Introduction
			14.1.1 A Social-Ecological Systems Approach
			14.1.2 Reindeer Husbandry as Social-Ecological System
			14.1.3 The Initiative for a Workshop on Experiences with Supplementary Feeding
		14.2 Supplementary Feeding in Reindeer Husbandry
		14.3 Co-production of Knowledge as Transdisciplinary Process
			14.3.1 Opportunities for Knowledge Co-production
			14.3.2 Challenges to the Co-production of Knowledge
		14.4 Working Together Across a Diversity of Knowledge Systems
			14.4.1 Working Together Across NCoEs
				14.4.1.1 CLINF
				14.4.1.2 ReiGN
				14.4.1.3 REXSAC
			14.4.2 Working Together Among Herders and Researchers
				14.4.2.1 How Was the Herding Community Approached?
				14.4.2.2 Preparation and Dissemination of Workshop Results
			14.4.3 Working Together Across Herding Communities Within and Between Countries
		14.5 Reflections About Our Way of Working Together—Challenges and Opportunities
			14.5.1 Invited Herders
			14.5.2 Finding an Appropriate Meeting Place and Methodologies
			14.5.3 Multiple Languages
			14.5.4 Work in Progress and the Future
		14.6 Lessons Learned from Our Perspective for Planning and Arranging Collaborative Stakeholder Processes
		14.7 Conclusions
		References
Part V
	Chapter 15: Is There Such a Thing as ‘Best Practice’? Exploring the Extraction/Sustainability Dilemma in the Arctic
		15.1 REXSAC – Mission and Structure
		15.2 Resource Extraction Has an Impact
		15.3 The Idea of ‘Multiple Pressures’
		15.4 Challenges of ‘Best Practices’
		15.5 Re-purposing Extraction Sites
		15.6 Recoding – With Affect, Gender, and Livelihoods
		15.7 Transformative Imaginaries – New Pathways to Action
		References
	Chapter 16: When Mines Go Silent: Exploring the Afterlives of Extraction Sites
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Abandonment
		16.3 Environmental Remediation
		16.4 Re-economization
		16.5 Heritage Making
		16.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 17: Mining Emotions: Affective Approaches to Resource Extraction
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Creating Places
			17.2.1 Communitification
			17.2.2 The Power of the Seidi
			17.2.3 Green Colonialism
		17.3 Creating Futures
			17.3.1 Uranium as a ‘Happy Object’
			17.3.2 Emotional Futures of Happiness
		17.4 Creating Pasts
			17.4.1 Challenging the Imperial Other
		17.5 Conclusion
		References
Part VI
	Chapter 18: The Challenge of Synthesis: Lessons from Arctic Climate Predictions: Pathways to Resilient, Sustainable Societies (ARCPATH)
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Research Synthesis in the Literature
		18.3 The Role of Synthesis in ARCPATH
		18.4 Specific Examples of ARCPATH Synthesis
		18.5 Structures, Processes and Products for Synthesis
		18.6 Synthesis Tasks and Recommended Actions
		18.7 Research Synergy and Synthesis
		18.8 Synthesis and Transdisciplinary Research
		18.9 Synthesis and Knowledge Mobilization
		18.10 Case Study Synthesis and Approaches
		18.11 The Challenge of Synthesis: Lessons Learned from ARCPATH
		18.12 Summary
		References
	Chapter 19: The Assessment and Evaluation of Arctic Research – Where Have We Come From and Where Do We Need to Go in the Future?
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 The Arctic Initiative by NordForsk and the Nordic Council of Ministers
		19.3 A Nordic Emphasis on Assessment and Evaluation
		19.4 Assessment of Proposals
			19.4.1 Areas of Special Emphasis Given Consideration
		19.5 The Scientific Advisory Board
		19.6 Challenges in Assessment Faced by the SAB
		19.7 A Comparative Look at Assessment and Evaluation as Practiced by the NSF and Other U.S. Funders
		19.8 The Development of Integrated Research Efforts
		19.9 Challenges for Multidisciplinary, Large Team, and Broad Topic Area in Arctic Research
		19.10 Evaluating the Results from Multidisciplinary, Large Team, and Broad Topic Arctic Research
		19.11 Research with Indigenous Peoples
		19.12 In Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Findings and Conclusions: Pathways to Action
		20.1 How Are Nordic Concerns and Interests in the Arctic Being Addressed?
		20.2 What Are Some of Conceptual and Methodological Innovations That Have Emerged?
		20.3 CLINF
		20.4 ARCPATH
		20.5 ReiGN
		20.6 REXSAC
		20.7 What Are Some of the Advantages—and Limitations—of Conducting Interdisciplinary Research?
		20.8 Building Bridges of Participation and Inclusion
		20.9 Future Directions for Research and Policy Development—Pathways to Action
		20.10 Concluding Thoughts