Nonlinear Ocean Dynamics: Synthetic Aperture Radar

Front Matter
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Nonlinear ocean motion equations: Introduction and overview
	Introduction
	What is meant by ocean dynamics?
	What is meant by nonlinear?
	Classification of ocean dynamic flows
		Steady flow
		Incompressible flow
		Irrotational flow
		Vorticity
	Ocean dynamic circulation
	What is the difference between circulation and vorticity?
	Primitive equation of ocean dynamics
		Continuity equations
		Stream function based on continuity equations
		Equation of continuity by the Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions
	Navier-Stokes equations
		What are the Navier-Stokes equations?
		The Navier-Stokes equations
		Conservation of energy
		Time domain
		Compressibility
		Low and high Reynolds numbers
	Turbulence
	Equations of motion in a rotating frame
	Conservation equation of ocean waves
	Water level exchange and water flow
		The alternating direction implicit (ADI) method
	Dispersion relation for water waves
	Nonlinear water flow and wave propagation
	Energy equation of fluid flow
	References
Quantization of ocean dynamics
	Seawater quantum molecules
	Ocean dynamics mimic quantum mechanics
	Similarities and differences between quantum field theory and ocean dynamics
	Quantum spin of seawater
	Kitaev spin seawaters
	Hamiltonian mechanics for ocean dynamics
	Incompressible flow with Schrödinger equations
	Quantum mechanics of Coriolis force
	Quantization of barotropic flow
	Quantization of vorticity flow
	Quantum turbulence
	Particle theory of ocean waves
	Schrödinger equation for description of nonlinear Sea-state
	Hamiltonian formulation for water wave equation
	References
Quantization of synthetic aperture microwave radar
	Quantize concept of aperture
	Aperture antenna
	Quantization of electromagnetic wave and Maxwell's equations
	Microwave radar photons
	Microwave cavity main concept
	Microwave photon generation by Josephson junctions
	Radar systems
	What is meant by echolocation detecting and ranging?
	Why quantum synthetic aperture radar is necessary
	What is meant by quantum SAR?
	What are the classifications of quantum SAR?
	Classical and quantum radar equations
	Quantum SAR illumination
	Quantum theory of SAR system
		Transmitter
		Receiver
	References
Quantum mechanism of nonlinear ocean surface backscattering
	What is meant by scattering?
	Comparison between coherent and incoherent multiple scattering
	What is the role of spin in understanding scattering?
	Spin of scattering of particles
	Scattering of identical particles
	Schrödinger equation for scattering particles
	How do the Lippmann-Schwinger equation and the scattering amplitude generalize when spin is included?
	Seawater atom-photon scattering
	Scattering from roughness surface
	Mathematical depiction of SAR backscattering cross-section
	Wave function of SAR backscattering cross-section
	Quantization of Bragg scattering
	References
Relativistic quantum mechanics of ocean surface dynamic in synthetic aperture radar
	What is meant by relativity?
	Relativistic quantum mechanics versus ordinary quantum mechanics
	SAR backscatter in relativistic quantum mechanics
	Duality of wave packages in relativistic quantum mechanics
	Relativities of SAR time pulse range traveling
	SAR space-time invariance interval
	How is quantum entanglement consistent with the time relativity?
	SAR time dilation
	SAR length contraction in polarized data
	References
Novel relativistic theories of ocean wave nonlinearity imagine mechanismin synthetic aperture radar
	What is meant by waves and flows?
	Description of ocean waves
	How sea waves are formed based on Spooky Action at a Distance
	What is doing the waving?
	Hamiltonian formula for nonlinear wave description
	SAR image mechanism for ocean wave
		SAR range processing
		SAR azimuth distribution processing
		SAR ocean wave imaging theory
		Differences between linear and nonlinear backscatters
		Velocity bunching modulation
	Relativistic theory of SAR velocity bunching
	Relativistic theory of the ocean wavelength in SAR images
	Relativistic theory of incidence angle in SAR wave images
	Relativistic theory of range bunching
	References
Quantum nonlinear techniques for retrieving ocean wave spectral parameters from synthetic aperture radar
	Simplification of the magic concept of SAR Doppler shift frequency
	SAR sensors for ocean wave simulation
	Sea surface backscatter based on the Kirchhoff approximation
	Imaging Ocean wave parameters in single polarization SAR data
	How to relate wave fields to SAR images
	SAR wave retrieval algorithms
	Quantum spectra estimation using quantum Fourier transform
	Multilooking and cross-spectral analysis
	Quantum Monte Carlo wave spectral simulation
	SAR wave spectra simulated using diffusion quantum Monte Carlo
	References
Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar for wave spectra refraction using inversion SAR wave spectra model
	What is meant by polarimetric synthetic aperture radar?
	Polarimetric matrix formulations and SAR data representation
	The coherency matrix THV (for single-look or multilook)
	Circular polarization-based covariance matrix CRL
	Estimation of azimuth slopes using orientation angle
	Alpha parameter sensitivity to the range of traveling waves
	Examined POLSAR and AIRSAR data
	Wave spectra model
	Two-dimensional quantum Fourier transform for retrieving SAR wave spectra
	Quasilinear transform
	Modeling significant wave height using azimuth cutoff model
	AIRSAR/POLSAR cross-spectrum inversion
	Differences between deep and shallow water waves
	Quantum of wave refraction
	Wave refraction graphical method
	References
Wavelet transform and particle swarm optimization algorithms for automatic detection of internal wave from syn ...
	Introduction
	What is meant by internal wave?
	Simplification of internal wave generation mechanisms
	Mathematical description of internal waves
	Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
	Internal wave imaging in SAR
	Internal wave radar backscatter cross-section
	Internal wave detection using two-dimensional wavelet transform
	Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm
	Tested SAR data
	Backscatter distribution along with internal wave in SAR data
	Automatic detection of internal wave using two-dimensional wavelet transform
	Internal wave packet detection by PSO
	Why do internal waves occur in the Andaman Sea?
	References
Modeling wave pattern cycles using advanced interferometry altimeter satellite data
	Microwave altimeter
	Principles of altimeters
	Types of radar altimeter frequencies
	How does a radio altimeter work?
	How is surface height estimated by radio altimeter?
	Pulse-limited altimetry
	Altimeter sensors
	Principles of synthetic aperture radar altimeter interferometry
	Altimeter interferometry technique
	InSAR precision procedures altimeter scheme
	Delay-Doppler altimeter
	CRYOSAT-2 SIRAL data acquisitions
	Cycle of significant wave heights and powers: Case study of west coast of Australia
	References
Multiobjective genetic algorithm for modeling Rossby wave and potential velocity patterns from altimeter sate ...
	What is meant by Rossby wave?
	Rossby waves algebraic portrayal Coriolis
	Rossby waves causing convergence and divergence zones
	Collinear analysis for modeling Rossby wave patterns from satellite altimeter
	Rossby wave spectra patterns using fast Fourier transform
	Multiobjective algorithm for modeling Rossby waves in altimeter data
		Decision adjustable and objective space
		Feasible and infeasible solutions for Rossby waves
		Ideal objective vector
		Domination
	Rossby wave population of solutions
	Fitness procedures for simulation of Rossby wave patterns
	Cross-over and mutation for Rossby wave reconstruction from altimeter data
	Velocity potential patterns in the southern Indian Ocean from Jason-2
	Pareto algorithm simulation of water parcel sinking due to vorticity potential velocity
	How can Rossby waves mobilize water mass parcels and heavy debris?
	References
Nonlinear sea surface current mathematical and retrieving models in synthetic aperture radar
	Introduction
	What is meant by ocean current?
	Ocean current theory
	Ocean current measurements
		Lagrangian method
		How to design a simple drogue for sea surface current tracking
		Eulerian method
			How to deploy a current meter to measure water column velocities
	Governing equations of inviscid motion
	Wind-driven current
	Ekman spiral
	Quantum theory of the Ekman spiral
	SAR Doppler shift frequency
	SAR Doppler frequency shift model formulation
	Radial current velocity based on Doppler spectral intensity
	Robust model for simulating surface current in SAR imaging
	Tidal current direction estimation
	Ocean current retrieving from SAR data, case study: East coast of Malaysia
	Quantization of large scale eddy in SAR image
	References
Relativistic quantum of nonlinear three-dimensional front signature in synthetic aperture radar imagery
	What is meant by quantum coastal front?
	Signature of a front in a single SAR image
	Relativity of front signatures in polarimetric SAR
	How does the tidal cycle effect front signature in SAR images?
	Speckles impact on front signature in SAR images
	Anisotropic diffusion algorithm for speckle reductions
	3-D front model
		Relativity velocity bunching model
		Volterra model for front flow velocity
		The fuzzy B-splines method
	3-D front topology reconstruction in SAR data
	Quantized Marghany's front
	References
Automatic detection of nonlinear turbulent flow in synthetic aperture radar using quantum multiobjective algo ...
	Introduction
	What is meant by quantum turbulence?
	Turbulence imagined in SAR data
	Can a quantum algorithm automatically detect turbulent flow in SAR images?
	Quantum computing
	Quantum machine learning
		Learning phase
		Pattern phase recall
	Quantum multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (QMEA)
	Generation of qubit populations
	Generation of turbulent flow population pattern
		Quantum fitness
		Quantum mutation
	Quantum nondominated sort and elitism (QNSGA-II)
	Quantum Pareto optimal solution
	Automatic detection of turbulent flow in SAR images
	Role of Pareto optimization in QNSGA-II
	Quantum coherence of turbulent flow magnitudes in SAR imaging and QNSGA-II
	References
Four-dimensional along-track interferometry for retrieving sea surface wave-current interaction
	What is meant by four-dimensional and why?
	Does n-dimensional exist?
	Physics of Interferometry
	What is synthetic aperture interferometry?
	Interferograms
	Phase unwrapping
	Understanding SAR interferograms
	Along-track interferometry
	Quantum of along-track interferometry
	Quantum Hopfield algorithm for ATI phase unwrapping
	Quantum ATI Hopfield algorithm application to TanDEM-X satellite data
	In situ measurement
	Retrieving current from ATI TanDEM-X satellite data using qHop algorithm
	Four-dimensional ATI quantum algorithm for wave-current interaction
	4-D visualization of wave-current sea level interactions
	Relativistic quantum 4-D of sea surface reconstruction in TanDEM data
	References
Index
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