Nonlinear Fiber Optics

front_matter
copyright
dedications
author_biography
preface
1. Introduction
	1.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
	1.2 FIBER CHARACTERISICS
		1.2.1 Material and fabrication
		1.2.2 Fiber losses
		1.2.3 Chromatic Dispersion
		1.2.4 Polarization-Mode Dispersion
	1.3 FIBER NONLINEARITIES
		1.3.1 Nonlinear Refraction
		1.3.2 Stimulated Inelastic Scattering
		1.3.3 Importance of Nonlinear Effects
	1.4 OVERVIEW
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
2. Pulse Propagation in Fibers
	2.1 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
	2.2 FIBER MODES
		2.2.1 Eigenvalue Equation
		2.2.2 Single-Mode Condition
		2.2.3 Characteristics of the Fundamental Mode
	2.3 PULSE-PROPAGATION EQUATION
		2.3.1 Nonlinear Pulse Propagation
		2.3.2 Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects
		2.3.3 Raman Response Function and its Impact
		2.3.4 Extension to Multimode Fibers
	2.4 NUMERICAL METHODS
		2.4.1 Split-Step Fourier Method
		2.4.2 Finite-Difference Methods
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
3. Group-Velocity Dispersion
	3.1 DIFFERENT PROPAGATION REGIMES
	3.2 DISPERSION-INDUCED PULSE BROADENING
		3.2.1 Gaussian Pulses
		3.2.2 Chirped Gaussian Pulses
		3.2.3 Hyperbolic-Secant Pulses
		3.2.4 Super-Gaussian Pulses
		3.2.5 Experimental Results
	3.3 THIRD-ORDER DISPERSION
		3.3.1 Evolution of Chirped Gaussian Pulses
		3.3.2 Broadening Factor
		3.3.3 Arbitrary-Shape Pulses
		3.3.4 Ultrashort-Pulse Measurements
	3.4 DISPERSION MANAGEMENT
		3.4.1 GVD-Induced Limitations
		3.4.2 Dispersion Compensation
		3.4.3 Compensation of Third-Order Dispersion
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
4. Self-Phase Modulation
	4.1 SPM-INDUCED SPECTRAL CHANGES
		4.1.1 Nonlinear Phase Shift
		4.1.2 Changes in Pulse Spectra
		4.1.3 Effect of Pulse Shape and Initial Chirp
		4.1.4 Effect of Partial Coherence
	4.2 EFFECT OF GROUP-VELOCITY DISPERSION
		4.2.1 Pulse Evolution
		4.2.2 Broadening Factor
		4.2.3 Optical Wave Breaking
		4.2.4 Experimental Results
		4.2.5 Effect of Third-Order Dispersion
		4.2.6 SPM Effects in Fiber Amplifiers
	4.3 SEMIANALYTIC TECHNIQUES
		4.3.1 Moment Method
		4.3.2 Variational Method
	4.4 HIGHER-ORDER NONLINEAR EFFECTS
		4.3.3 Specific Analytic Solutions
		4.4.1 Self-Steepening
		4.4.2 Effect of GVD on Optical Shocks
		4.4.3 Intrapulse Raman Scattering
	REFERENCES
	PROBLEMS
5. Optical Solitons
	5.1 MODULATION INSTABILITY
		5.1.1 Linear Stability Analysis
		5.1.2 Gain Spectrum
		5.1.3 Experimental Results
		5.1.4 Ultrashort Pulse Generation
		5.1.5 Impact on Lightwave Systems
	5.2 FIBER SOLITONS
		5.2.1 Inverse Scattering Method
		5.2.2 Fundamental Soliton
		5.2.3 Second and Higher-Order Solitons
		5.2.4 Experimental Confirmation
		5.2.5 Soliton Stability
	5.3 OTHER TYPES OF SOLITONS
		5.3.1 Dark Solitons
		5.3.2 Bistable Solitons
		5.3.3 Dispersion-Managed Solitons
		5.3.4 Optical Similaritons
	5.4 PERTURBATION OF SOLITONS
		5.4.1 Perturbation Methods
		5.4.2 Fiber Losses
		5.4.3 Soliton Amplification
		5.4.4 Soliton Interaction
	5.5 HIGHER-ORDER EFFECTS
		5.5.1 Moment Equations for Pulse Parameters
		5.5.2 Third-Order Dispersion
		5.5.3 Self-Steepening
		5.5.4 Intrapulse Raman Scattering
		5.5.5 Propagation of Femtosecond Pulses
	REFERENCES
	PROBLEMS
6. Polarization Effects
	6.1 NONLINEAR BIREFRINGENCE
		6.1.1 Origin of Nonlinear Birefringence
		6.1.2 Coupled-Mode Equations
		6.1.3 Elliptically Birefringent Fibers
	6.2 NONLINEAR PHASE SHIFT
		6.2.1 Nondispersive XPM
		6.2.2 Optical Kerr Effect
		6.2.3 Pulse Shaping
	6.3 EVOLUTION OF POLARIZATION STATE
		6.3.1 Analytic Solution
		6.3.2 Poincaré-Sphere Representation
		6.3.3 Polarization Instability
		6.3.4 Polarization Chaos
	6.4 VECTOR MODULATION INSTABILITY
		6.4.1 Low-Birefringence Fibers
		6.4.2 High-Birefringence Fibers
		6.4.3 Isotropic Fibers
		6.4.4 Experimental Results
	6.5 BIREFRINGENCE AND SOLITONS
		6.5.1 Low-Birefringence Fibers
		6.5.2 High-Birefringence Fibers
		6.5.3 Soliton-Dragging Logic Gates
		6.5.4 Vector Solitons
	6.6 RANDOM BIREFRINGENCE
		6.6.1 Polarization-Mode Dispersion
		6.6.2 Vector Form of the NLS Equation
		6.6.3 Effects of PMD on Solitons
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
7. Cross-Phase Modulation
	7.1 XPM-INDUCED NONLINEAR COUPLING
		7.1.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index
		7.1.2 Coupled NLS Equations
	7.2 XPM-INDUCED MODULATION INSTABILITY
		7.2.1 Linear Stability Analysis
		7.2.2 Experimental Results
	7.3 XPM-PAIRED SOLITONS
		7.3.1 Bright–Dark Soliton Pair
		7.3.2 Bright–Gray Soliton Pair
		7.3.3 Periodic Solutions
		7.3.4 Multiple Coupled NLS Equations
	7.4 SPECTRAL AND TEMPORAL EFFECTS
		7.4.1 Asymmetric Spectral Broadening
		7.4.2 Asymmetric Temporal Changes
		7.4.3 Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects
	7.5 APPLICATIONS OF XPM
		7.5.1 XPM-Induced Pulse Compression
		7.5.2 XPM-Induced Optical Switching
		7.5.3 XPM-Induced Nonreciprocity
	7.6 POLARIZATION EFFECTS
		7.6.1 Vector Theory of XPM
		7.6.2 Polarization Evolution
		7.6.3 Polarization-Dependent Spectral Broadening
		7.6.4 Pulse Trapping and Compression
		7.6.5 XPM-Induced Wave Breaking
	7.7 XPM EFFECTS IN BIREFRINGENT FIBERS
		7.7.1 Fibers with Low Birefringence
		7.7.2 Fibers with High Birefringence
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
8. Stimulated Raman Scattering
	8.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
		8.1.1 Raman-Gain Spectrum
		8.1.2 Raman Threshold
		8.1.3 Coupled Amplitude Equations
		8.1.4 Effect of Four-Wave Mixing
	8.2 QUASI-CONTINUOUS SRS
		8.2.1 Single-Pass Raman Generation
		8.2.2 Raman Fiber Lasers
		8.2.3 Raman Fiber Amplifiers
		8.2.4 Raman-Induced Crosstalk
	8.3 SRS WITH SHORT PUMP PULSES
		8.3.1 Pulse-Propagation Equations
		8.3.2 Nondispersive Case
		8.3.3 Effects of GVD
		8.3.4 Raman-Induced Index Changes
		8.3.5 Experimental Results
		8.3.6 Synchronously Pumped Raman Lasers
		8.3.7 Short-Pulse Raman Amplification
	8.4 SOLITON EFFECTS
		8.4.1 Raman Solitons
		8.4.2 Raman Soliton Lasers
		8.4.3 Soliton-Effect Pulse Compression
	8.5 POLARIZATION EFFECTS
		8.5.1 Vector Theory of Raman Amplification
		8.5.2 PMD Effects on Raman Amplification
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
9. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
	9.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
		9.1.1 Physical Process
		9.1.2 Brillouin-Gain Spectrum
	9.2 QUASI-CW SBS
		9.2.1 Brillouin Threshold
		9.2.2 Polarization Effects
		9.2.3 Techniques for Controlling the SBS Threshold
		9.2.4 Experimental Results
	9.3 BRILLOUIN-FIBER AMPLIFIERS
		9.3.1 Gain Saturation
		9.3.2 Amplifier Design and Applications
	9.4 SBS DYNAMICS
		9.4.1 Coupled Amplitude Equations
		9.4.2 SBS with Q-Switched Pulses
		9.4.3 SBS-Induced Index Changes
		9.4.4 Relaxation Oscillations
		9.4.5 Modulation Instability and Chaos
	9.5 BRILLOUIN-FIBER LASERS
		9.5.1 CW Operation
		9.5.2 Pulsed Operation
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
10. Four-Wave Mixing
	10.1 ORIGIN OF FOUR-WAVE MIXING
	10.2 THEORY OF FOUR-WAVE MIXING
		10.2.1 Coupled Amplitude Equations
		10.2.2 Approximate Solution
		10.2.3 Effect of Phase Matching
		10.2.4 Ultrafast Four-Wave Mixing
	10.3 PHASE-MATCHING TECHNIQUES
		10.3.1 Physical Mechanisms
		10.3.2 Phase Matching in Multimode Fibers
		10.3.3 Phase Matching in Single-Mode Fibers
			10.3.3.1 Nearly Phase-Matched Four-Wave Mixing
			10.3.3.2 Phase Matching Near the Zero-Dispersion Wavelength
			10.3.3.3 Phase Matching Due to Self-Phase Modulation
		10.3.4 Phase Matching in Birefringent Fibers
	10.4 PARAMETRIC AMPLIFICATION
		10.4.1 Review of Early Work
		10.4.2 Gain Spectrum and Its Bandwidth
		10.4.3 Single-Pump Configuration
		10.4.4 Dual-Pump Configuration
		10.4.5 Effects of Pump Depletion
	10.5 POLARIZATION EFFECTS
		10.5.1 Vector Theory of Four-Wave Mixing
		10.5.2 Polarization Dependence of Parametric Gain
		10.5.3 Linearly and Circularly Polarized Pumps
		10.5.4 Effect of Residual Fiber Birefringence
	10.6 APPLICATIONS OF FOUR-WAVE MIXING
		10.6.1 Parametric Oscillators
		10.6.2 Ultrafast Signal Processing
		10.6.3 Quantum Correlation and Noise Squeezing
		10.6.4 Phase-Sensitive Amplification
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
11. Highly Nonlinear Fibers
	11.1 NONLINEAR PARAMETER
		11.1.1 Units and Values of n2
		11.1.2 SPM-Based Techniques
		11.1.3 XPM-Based Technique
		11.1.4 FWM-Based Technique
		11.1.5 Variations in n2 Values
	11.2 FIBERS WITH SILICA CLADDING
	11.3 TAPERED FIBERS WITH AIR CLADDING
	11.4 MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS
		11.4.1 Design and Fabrication
		11.4.2 Modal and Dispersive Properties
		11.4.3 Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers
		11.4.4 Bragg Fibers
	11.5 NON-SILICA FIBERS
		11.5.1 Lead-Silicate Fibers
		11.5.2 Chalcogenide Fibers
		11.5.3 Bismuth-Oxide Fibers
	11.6 PULSE PROPAGATION IN NARROW-CORE FIBERS
		11.6.1 Vectorial Theory
		11.6.2 Frequency-Dependent Mode Profiles
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
12. Novel Nonlinear Phenomena
	12.1 SOLITON FISSION AND DISPERSIVE WAVES
		12.1.1 Fission of Second- and Higher-Order Solitons
		12.1.2 Generation of Dispersive Waves
	12.2 INTRAPULSE RAMAN SCATTERING
		12.2.1 Enhanced RIFS Through Soliton Fission
		12.2.2 Cross-correlation Technique
		12.2.3 Wavelength Tuning through RIFS
		12.2.4 Effects of Birefringence
		12.2.5 Suppression of Raman-Induced Frequency Shifts
		12.2.6 Soliton Dynamics Near a Zero-Dispersion Wavelength
		12.2.7 Multipeak Raman Solitons
	12.3 FOUR-WAVE MIXING
		12.3.1 Role of Fourth-Order Dispersion
		12.3.2 Role of Fiber Birefringence
		12.3.3 Parametric Amplifiers and Wavelength Converters
		12.3.4 Tunable Fiber-Optic Parametric Oscillators
	12.4 SECOND-HARMONIC GENERATION
		12.4.1 Physical Mechanisms
		12.4.2 Thermal Poling and Quasi-Phase Matching
		12.4.3 SHG Theory
	12.5 THIRD-HARMONIC GENERATION
		12.5.1 THG in Highly Nonlinear Fibers
		12.5.2 Effects of Group-Velocity Mismatch
		12.5.3 Effects of Fiber Birefringence
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
13. Supercontinuum Generation
	13.1 PUMPING WITH PICOSECOND PULSES
		13.1.1 Nonlinear Mechanisms
		13.1.2 Experimental Progress After 2000
	13.2 PUMPING WITH FEMTOSECOND PULSES
		13.2.1 Microstructured Silica Fibers
		13.2.2 Microstructured Nonsilica Fibers
	13.3 TEMPORAL AND SPECTRAL EVOLUTIONS
		13.3.1 Numerical Modeling of Supercontinuum
		13.3.2 Role of Cross-Phase Modulation
		13.3.3 XPM-Induced Trapping
		13.3.4 Role of Four-Wave Mixing
	13.4 CW OR QUASI-CW PUMPING
		13.4.1 Nonlinear Mechanisms
		13.4.2 Experimental Progress
	13.5 POLARIZATION EFFECTS
		13.5.1 Birefringent Microstructured Fibers
		13.5.2 Nearly Isotropic Fibers
		13.5.3 Nonlinear Polarization Rotation in Isotropic Fibers
	13.6 COHERENCE PROPERTIES
		13.6.1 Spectral-Domain Degree of Coherence
		13.6.2 Techniques for Improving Coherence
		13.6.3 Spectral Incoherent Solitons
	13.7 OPTICAL ROGUE WAVES
		13.7.1 L-Shaped Statistics of Pulse-to-Pulse Fluctuations
		13.7.2 Techniques for Controlling Rogue-Wave Statistics
		13.7.3 Modulation Instability Revisited
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
A. System of Units
B. Numerical Code for theNLS Equation
C. List of Acronyms
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z