Non-Surgical Rejuvenation of Asian Faces

Foreword
Preface
	How Is This Relevant to International Aesthetic Doctors?
Acknowledgement
Contents
Part I: Trend of Asian Beauty Standards: Past Present, Future
	Chapter 1: Facial Beauty
		Preferences for Neoteny in Humans
		Mathematical Models of Beauty
			Canons of Beauty
			Hogarth’s Serpentine Line
			Golden Proportions/“Divine Proportion”
		Cultural Variations of the Standards of Beauty
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Beauty Standards in Asia
		Facial Features
		References
	Chapter 3: Facial Physiognomy
		References
	Chapter 4: Characteristics of Asian Faces
		China
		Japan
		Korea
		References
	Chapter 5: Clinical Anatomy for Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Treatments
		Facial Units and Subunits
		Upper Face and Temporal Region
		The Forehead
		Temporal Fossa
		Periorbital Area
		The Nose
			Parotid Gland
				Vasculature
				Venous Drainage
				Lymphatic Drainage of the Face
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Anatomy and Ageing
	Chapter 6: Facial Ageing: The Foundational Changes
		Introduction
		Relationship of Facial Structures
			Functional Matrix Concept
			Morphological Changes in the Bone Structures of the Face with Age
				Upper Third Face
				Middle Face
					Jaw Changes, Orbit and Piriform Opening
				Lower Face Third
		Relationship of the Facial Bones to each Other and to the Base of the Skull
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Facial Ageing in East Asians
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Aesthetic Assessment of the Face
		Clinical Assessment
			What Is Facial Analysis?
			General Assessment
				Medical, Dental, Social, and Cosmetic History
				History of Dentofacial Dysmorphology
			Natural Head Position
		Craniofacial Soft Tissue Landmarks
		Subunit Analysis
			Analysis: Frontal View
				Basic Facial Shape-Frontal View
				Basic Facial Shape-Profile View
				Basic Facial Shape-Parasagittal Profile
				Basic Facial Shape-Vertical
				Facial Curves and Curvilinear Relationships (Fig. 8.4)
				Vertical Facial Proportions (Fig. 8.5)
				Ear Shape and Position
				Assess the Relationship Between
				Symmetry
					Vertical Asymmetries
						Upper Face
						Vertical Mandibular Asymmetry
						Facial Midline
						Upper Face
			Analysis: Oblique View
			Analysis: Lateral
				Infra-Orbital Rims
				Para-Nasal Region
				Upper Lip
				Lower Lip and Chin
				Lower Lip to Submental Plane Angle
				Mandibular Plane Angle
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Technologies and Techniques
	Chapter 9: Skin Aging and Skincare
		Asian, Skin Aging and Skincare
			Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aging
			Photoaging Features of Asian Skin
			Prevention of Photoaging
				The Effect of Environment on Skin
					Effects of Ultraviolet
					Effects of Infrared Light on Skin (IRA)
					Visible Light
					Effects of Pollution on Skin
				Existing Skin Protection
					Broad-Spectrum Ultraviolet Protection
					Visible and Infrared Light Protection
					Pollution Protection
		Cosmeceuticals
			Anti-photoaging
				Retinoic Acid and Its Derivatives [14]
					Retinol
					Retinaldehyde
					Retinyl Palmitate
					All-Trans Retinoic acid [15]
				Topical Antioxidants
					Vitamin C [14]
					Vitamin E [14]
					α-Lipoic Acid [14]
					Vitamin B3 [14]
					N-Acetyl-Glucosamine [14]
				Hydroxy Acids [17]
				Promising New Actives
					Grape Compounds [14] (Fig. 9.5)
						Resveratrol
						Flavonoids
						Grape Seed Extract
					Soy Isoflavones
					Tea Polyphenols
					Dimethylaminoethanol
					Black Currants (R. nigrum L, RN) [20]
				Peptides or Cytokines [15]
					Messengers Peptide
					Growth Factors and Cytokines [15, 21, 22]
				Skin-Lightening Agents
				Extracellular Matrix Modulation
		References
	Chapter 10: Mesotherapy
		Classification of Mesotherapy
			Needleless Mesotherapy
			Microneedle Mesotherapy
			Mesotherapy Injection
			Injection Technology and Depth
				Intra-Epidermal Injection
					Superficial Intradermal Injection
					Deep Intradermal Injection
					Dermo-Hypodermal Injection
		Clinical Application
			Local Lipolysis [16, 17]
			Skin Rejuvenation or Anti-aging
			Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Dermal Injections
			Oily Skin and Enlarged Pores
			Pigmentation
				Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
				Compound Components
			Complications
		Confusion, Consensus, and the Future
		References
	Chapter 11: Light and Laser Treatments
		Asian Skin
		Pigmentation Change and Treatment
		Freckles, Lentigines, and Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
		Melasma
		Fractional Laser
		IPL
		QS Laser and Pico-Laser
		Skin Texture Change and Rejuvenation Treatment
		IPL Treatment
		Non-ablative Laser Treatment
		Fractional Laser Treatment
		Radiofrequency Treatment
			Monopolar Radiofrequency
			Microneedle Radiofrequency
		Combination of Procedures
		References
	Chapter 12: Botulinum Toxin A: Treatment Principles
		Botulinum Toxin A (BoNT-A)
			General Goals and Principles for Facial Rejuvenation
			The Main Influencing Factors and Considerations
			Dose
			Injection Site
			Concentration
			Injection Depth
			Muscle Strength
			Synergist and Antagonist Muscles
		References
	Chapter 13: Botulinum Toxin A: Practical Tips for Use in the Field of Aesthetic Medicine
		The Basic Structure
		Pre-Procedure
			Product Factors
				Vial Preparation and Reconstitution
			Diluents for Reconstitution
				Storage After Reconstitution
				Syringes and Needles
			Pre-Procedure Pain Management
				Topical Agents
				Cooling
				Vibration—Vibration-Assisted Analgesia
			Skin Preparation and Disinfection
			Procedure
				Injection Sites
					Nerve Endplates
				Delivery: Speed, Direction, Pressure
				Delivery: Volume, Dose
		Immunogenicity
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Botulinum Toxin A: Injection Techniques for East Asian Facial Rejuvenation-Upper and Midface
		The Upper Face
			Forehead Lines
				Classification (Fig. 14.3)
				Injection Technique and Consideration
				Typical Cases
				Other Considerations and Key Points
			Periocular Rhytids
				Classification
				Injection Technique and Considerations
				Typical Cases (Figs. 14.12, 14.13, and 14.14)
				Other Considerations and Key Points
		Glabellar Complex
			Classification
			Injection Techniques and Considerations
			Typical Cases (Figs. 14.18, 14.19, 14.20, and 14.21)
			Considerations and Tips
		Nasal Dorsal Rhytids (Table 14.7)
			Classification (Fig. 14.25)
			Injection Technique and Considerations
			Typical Cases
			Other Considerations and Tips
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Botulinum Toxin A: Injection Techniques for East Asian Facial Rejuvenation-Lower Face and the Neck
		Orange Peel Chin
			Related Muscle Anatomy
			Classification (Fig. 15.2)
			Injection Techniques and Considerations
			Typical Cases (Figs. 15.4 and 15.5)
			Other Considerations and Tips
		Oral Commissures-“Sad or Downturned Mouth”
			Related Muscle Anatomy
			Classification
			Injection Techniques and Considerations
			Typical Cases (Figs. 15.8 and 15.9)
			Other Considerations and Tips
		Platysma
			Related Muscle Anatomy
			Classification (Fig. 15.11)
			Injection Techniques and Considerations
			Typical Cases (Figs. 15.13 and 15.14)
			Other Considerations and Tips
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Dermal Fillers: Understanding the Fundamentals
		Silicone (Permanent)
		Collagen
		Polymethylmethacrylate (Permanent)
		Calcium Hydroxylapatite Fillers (Bio-Stimulatory/Semi-Permanent)
		Polymers
			Poly-L-Lactic Acid (Bio-Stimulatory/Semi-Permanent)
			Polycaprolactone (Bio-stimulatory)
		Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dermal Fillers
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Dermal Fillers: Injection Considerations for East Asian Facial Rejuvenation
		Facial Structure
		Beauty Requests
			Cultural Aspects
			Anatomical Variations
				Common Themes
			Facial Contouring Using Dermal Fillers
			Part 1: Lateral Contouring
				Temples
				Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9, 13]
				Anatomical Considerations [14–20] (Fig. 17.4)
				Considerations: [14–16, 21–25]
				Recommendations [17, 24, 26–28]
			Zygoma, Lateral Cheeks, Subzygomatic Area, Buccal Area
				Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9, 13, 29, 30]
				Anatomical Considerations [29–36] (Fig. 17.5)
				Considerations: [3, 7, 8, 38–42]
				Recommendations [32]
			Part 2: Central Anterior Projection
				Forehead
					Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9, 13]
					Anatomical Considerations [3, 8, 13, 34] (Fig. 17.6)
					Considerations
					Recommendations [43–47]
				The Nose
					Asian Aesthetic Ideals [7–9, 48–50]
					Anatomical Considerations [49–52] (Fig. 17.7)
					Considerations [50, 53–55]
					Recommendations [49, 50, 52, 53, 56]
				Medial Cheek and Tear Trough [3, 7, 8, 13]
					Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7, 8, 13, 57]
					Anatomical Considerations [31] (Fig. 17.8)
					Considerations [3, 7, 8, 13, 57, 61]
					Recommendations [3, 7, 8, 13, 57]
				Lips
					Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9, 13]
					Anatomical Considerations [62–65] (Fig. 17.9)
					Considerations [3, 13, 66–69]
					Recommendations
				Chin
					Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9]
					Anatomical Considerations [70–73] (Fig. 17.10)
					Considerations: [3, 13, 75]
					Recommendations
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Non-Surgical Aesthetics-Injection Strategy of East Asian Faces
		The Curvilinear Lines
		Proportionality
		Symmetry and Harmony
		Color: Hair and Skin Color (From A Chinese Perspective)
		Facial Assessment
			Front Central Line (Mark Line “1” in Fig. 18.3)
			Front Contour Line (Mark Line “2” in Fig. 18.3)
				Outer Contour Line (Mark Line “3” in Fig. 18.3)
			Evaluation and Grading of Facial Aging
				Facial Wrinkles
			Middle and Lower Face Aging
			Nasolabial Folds (Fig. 18.6)
		Injectables
			Botulinum Toxin A
				Treatment of Common Wrinkles
				Forehead
				Glabellar Wrinkles
				Crow’s Feet
				Treatment of Masseter Hypertrophy
				Evaluation of the Masseter Injection
			Dermal Fillers
				Injections into the Front Median Line: Forehead, Nose, Lips, and Chin
					Forehead
					Nose
					Lips
					The Chin
				Front Contour Line Injections: The Main Purpose of This Line Is To Correct Aging Signs and Change the Face’s Shape
		Case Study
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19: MTV Lift and Nonsurgical Facial Rejuvenation Techniques
		MTV Lift
		M: Midface Augmentation and Lifting
		T: T-area Reshaping
		Other T Areas of the Face
		V: V-lifting of the Lower Face
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: The Butterfly Technique: Puttipong Poomsuwan and Rataporn Ungpakorn
		Introduction
			Individual Beauty Preference
			Budget and Outcome
			Concept
			Patient Selection
		Injection Technique
			Related Anatomy
			Technical Steps
		Results
		Complications
		Pearls and Pitfalls
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21: Threadlift for Facial Contouring
		Introduction
		The Principles of ThreadLifting
			Indications
			Contraindication
		Safe Region and Safe Layers
		Preoperative Assessment, Communication, Examination, and Preparation
			Preoperative Evaluation and Communication
			Preoperative Examination
			Preoperative Photography
			Body Position
			Design
		Considerations
		Tissue Relocation and Fixation
			The Significance of Tissue Relocation
			The Fixation of the Relocated Tissue
			Static Facial Lifting and Dynamic Adaption
			Simple or Complex Thread Design
		Factors Affecting Longevity and Post-Operational Comfort
			Thread Material
			Thread Surface Characteristics, E.G. Barbs (Fig. 21.16)
			The Layer for Thread Lifting
			The Numbers of the Thread To Be Used
			Fixation of the Threads
		Thread lift Procedure
			Anaesthesia
				Nerve Block and Local Anaesthesia
				Pain Relief and Comfort Management
			Entry Point
				Entry Point Using a Needle, 11 # Sharp Surgical Blade or Puncture Instrument
				Thread Insertion
			Operative Key Points: Non-Dominant Hand
			Placement of the Remaining Thread at the Exit Point
				The options include:
			Post-Operative Management
		Complications and Precautions
			Common Complications
		Other Complications
			Persistent or Intermittent Post-Operative Pain
			Neurological Injuries
			Vascular Compromise and Necrosis
			Parotid Gland and Parotid Duct Injuries
			Recurrent Skin Redness
			Local Pigmentation
		Post-Ttreatment Instruction
		Conclusion
		Cases
			Before and After
	Chapter 22: Endotine Ribbon Lower Face Lift
		Indication and Contraindication
		Introduction
		The Device
		My Method
		The Traditional Method
		Advantages of the Author’s Technique
		The Adjunct Procedures
		Complications
		How to Prevent Complication
		Further Application
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: AI Technologies Being Developed for Esthetic Practices
		Background
		Method
		What Is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)?
			Case 1: Sadness
			Case 2 Sadness and Anger
			Case 3 Sadness and Anger
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 24: The Cosmetic Patient: Psychology
		Understanding the Psychology of Cosmetic Patients in Asia
		Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
		References
Index