Noisy Oceans : Monitoring Seismic and Acoustic Signals in the Marine Environment, 1e

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Ocean Soundscape
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Seismic Waves
		1.2.1 Body Waves
		1.2.2 Surface Waves
	1.3 Noise Sources in the Oceans
		1.3.1 Noise from Geological Origins (Geophony)
		1.3.2 Noise from Biological Origins (Biophony)
		1.3.3 Noise from Anthropogenic Origins (Anthrophony)
	1.4 Tools for Recording Marine Noise
		1.4.1 Ocean-Bottom Seismometers
		1.4.2 Ocean-Bottom Nodes
		1.4.3 Ocean-Bottom Observatories
		1.4.4 Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers
		1.4.5 Echosounders
		1.4.6 Drifters and Floats
	1.5 Common Data-Processing Methods
		1.5.1 Time-Drift Correction
		1.5.2 Data Reduction
		1.5.3 Instrument Relocation through Travel-Time Analysis
		1.5.4 Rotation for Geophone Reorientation
		1.5.5 Converting from Counts to Physical Units
		1.5.6 Removing the Mean from the Data Set
		1.5.7 Frequency Spectrum, Spectrogram, and Power Spectral Density
		1.5.8 Frequency Filtering
		1.5.9 Polarization Analysis
	1.6 Summary of Chapters
	1.7 Future Developments of Acoustic Measurements in the Ocean
	References
Chapter 2 Seismic Ambient Noise: Application to Taiwanese Data
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Background Ambient Seismic Noise in Taiwan
	2.3 Ambient Seismic Noise Generated by Intense Storms
	2.4 Deepsea Internal Waves Southeast of Offshore Taiwan
	2.5 Gas Emissions at the Seafloor and "Bubble" SDEs in SW Offshore Taiwan
	2.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 3 Seasonal and Geographical Variations in the Quantified Relationship Between Significant Wave Heights and Microseisms: An Example From Taiwan
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Method and Data Processing
		3.2.1 Data
		3.2.2 Method
	3.3 Testing and Determining Parameters
	3.4 Results and Discussion
		3.4.1 Seasonal Variation
		3.4.2 Geographical Variation
		3.4.3 Residual Distributions of the SHW Simulation
	3.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Listening for Diverse Signals From Emergent and Submarine Volcanoes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Detection and Monitoring of Submarine Volcanism
		4.2.1 Hydroacoustic Arrays
		4.2.2 Seismometer Arrays
		4.2.3 Cabled Systems
		4.2.4 Limitations in Detecting Submarine Volcanism
	4.3 Diverse Volcano Signals Recorded Underwater
		4.3.1 Distinguishing Signal from Noise in the Ocean
		4.3.2 High-Frequency Volcanic Signals
		4.3.3 Low-Frequency Volcanic Signals
		4.3.4 Volcanic Tremor Signals
		4.3.5 Volcanic Explosion-Type Signals
		4.3.6 Volcanic Landslide Signals
	4.4 Conclusions
	Availability Statement
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5 Seismic and Acoustic Monitoring of Submarine Landslides: Ongoing Challenges, Recent Successes, and Future Opportunities
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Recent Advances in Direct Monitoring of Submarine Landslides
		5.1.2 Aims
	5.2 Passive Geophysical Monitoring of Terrestrial Landslides
	5.3 Which Aspects of Submarine Landslides Should We Be Able to Detect with Passive Systems?
	5.4 Recent Advances and Opportunities in Passive Monitoring of Submarine Landslides
		5.4.1 Determining the Timing and Location of Submarine Landslides at a Margin Scale Using Land-Based Seismological Networks
		5.4.2 Quantifying Landslide Kinematics Using Hydrophones
		5.4.3 Characterizing Landslide Run-Out to Enhance Hazard Assessments
		5.4.4 Opportunities Using Distributed Cable-Based Sensing
	5.5 The Application of Passive Geophysical Monitoring in Advancing Submarine Landslide Science
		5.5.1 Can Passive Seismic and Acoustic Techniques Overcome the Logistical Challenges That Have Previously Hindered the Monitoring of Submarine Landslides?
		5.5.2 What Aspects of Submarine Landslides Can We Assess from Passive Remote Sensing Techniques, and What Needs To Be Resolved?
		5.5.3 Suggestions for Future Directions
	5.6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 Iceberg Noise
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Waveforms of Iceberg Noise
		6.2.1 Iceberg Bursts
		6.2.2 Iceberg Tremor
		6.2.3 Iceberg Harmonic Tremor
	6.3 Observation and Location of Iceberg Noise
		6.3.1 Hydroacoustic Records at Long Distances
		6.3.2 Records of Regional Hydroacoustic Networks
		6.3.3 Seismic Records in Antarctica
	6.4 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Iceberg Noise
	6.5 Source Mechanisms of Iceberg Noise
	6.6 Discussion
	6.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7 The Sound of Hydrothermal Vents
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Theory of Sound Production by Hydrothermal Vents
		7.2.1 Radiation Efficiency
		7.2.2 Monopole
		7.2.3 Dipole
		7.2.4 Quadrupole
		7.2.5 Estimated Source Sound Pressure Levels
		7.2.6 Estimated Source Spectra
	7.3 Survey of Acoustic Measurements
		7.3.1 Very Low Frequency (<10 Hz)
		7.3.2 Narrowband
		7.3.3 Broadband
		7.3.4 Tidal Variability
		7.3.5 Summary of Acoustic Measurements
	7.4 Other Sources of Ambient Noise
		7.4.1 Microseisms
		7.4.2 Local and Teleseismic Events
		7.4.3 Biological Sources
		7.4.4 Anthropogenic Sources
	7.5 Measurement and Analysis Considerations
		7.5.1 Flow Noise and Coupled Vibration
		7.5.2 Sound Speed in Hydrothermal Fluid
		7.5.3 Near Field vs Far Field
		7.5.4 Hydrophone Array Measurements
	7.6 Conclusion
	Nomenclature
	References
Chapter 8 Atypical Signals: Characteristics and Sources of Short-Duration Events
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Signal Characteristics
	8.3 Worldwide Distribution of SDEs
	8.4 Observations and Studies Advancing SDE Understanding
		8.4.1 Observations from Different Types of Ocean Bottom Instruments
		8.4.2 Continuous Long-Term, Multidisciplinary Monitoring of Gas Emissions
		8.4.3 Correlation with Acoustic Monitoring of Gas Emissions
		8.4.4 Correlation with Earthquakes
		8.4.5 Correlation with Tides
		8.4.6 Controlled in situ and Laboratory Experiments
	8.5 Discussion of SDE Potential Sources
		8.5.1 Biological Origin
		8.5.2 Action of Ocean/Sea Currents
		8.5.3 Fluids in Near-Surface Sediments
		8.5.4 Low-Magnitude Seismicity
		8.5.5 Source Modeling
	8.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9 Short-Duration Events Associated With Active Seabed Methane Venting: Scanner Pockmark, North Sea
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Scanner Pockmark Complex
	9.3 CHIMNEY Seismic Experiment
	9.4 Methods
	9.5 Results
	9.6 Discussion
		9.6.1 Characteristics of SDEs
		9.6.2 Spatial Distribution of SDEs
		9.6.3 Negative Correlation with the Tide
		9.6.4 Efficiency of SDE Detection
	9.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 10 Ambient Bubble Acoustics: Seep, Rain, and Wave Noise
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Bubbles as Acoustic Sources
		10.2.1 The Injection of a Gas Bubble
		10.2.2 Bubbles as Simple Harmonic Oscillators
		10.2.3 Minnaert Frequency
	10.3 Subsurface Gas Release
		10.3.1 Gas-Seep Acoustics
	10.4 Rainfall Acoustics
	10.5 Acoustics of Breaking Waves
	10.6 Conclusion
	Further Reading
	Appendix
	Symbology
	References
Chapter 11 Baleen Whale Vocalizations
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Marine Mammal Classification
	11.2 Physical Description of Sound and Its Conventions
		11.2.1 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
		11.2.2 Source Level (SL)
		11.2.3 Whale-Sound Analysis
	11.3 Marine Mammal Vocalizations
		11.3.1 Sirenia and Carnivora
		11.3.2 Toothed Whales
		11.3.3 Baleen Whales
	11.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 12 Tracking and Monitoring Fin Whales Offshore Northwest Spain Using Passive Acoustic Methods
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Passive Acoustic Monitoring
		12.1.2 Fin Whale Vocalizations
		12.1.3 Data Available for This Study
	12.2 Methods
		12.2.1 Call Detection
		12.2.2 Delay Estimation
		12.2.3 Localization and Tracking
		12.2.4 Kalman Filter
	12.3 Results
		12.3.1 Detections
		12.3.2 Localization
		12.3.3 Tracking
	12.4 Discussion
	12.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 13 Noise From Marine Traffic
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Underwater Radiated Noise
		13.2.1 Sources of Shipping Noise
		13.2.2 Measuring Radiated Noise
		13.2.3 Modeling Underwater Radiated Noise
	13.3 Noise Mapping
		13.3.1 Modeling Shipping Contributions
		13.3.2 Source Properties
		13.3.3 Acoustic Propagation
		13.3.4 Noise-Mapping Applications
	13.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 14 Tracking Multiple Underwater Vessels With Passive Sonar Using Beamforming and a Trajectory PHD Filter
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Narrow-Band Signal Model
	14.3 Detection via Beamforming and CA-CFAR
		14.3.1 CBF
		14.3.2 CA-CFAR
	14.4 Trajectory PHD Filter for Multiple Underwater Vessels
		14.4.1 System Model
		14.4.2 TPHD Filter
	14.5 Experiments
		14.5.1 Testing Using Numerical Simulations
		14.5.2 Testing Using Real-World Experimental Data
	14.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15 Deciphering the Submarine Soundscape: New Insights, Broader Implications, Future Directions
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 What WAS Not Included
	15.3 Further Information
	15.4 Broader Context
	15.5 Future Impact and Implications
	15.6 Gaps in Current Scientific Knowledge and Future Directions for Research
	15.7 Proposed Future Actions
	References
Index
EULA