No Poverty (Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals)

No Poverty
Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	2030 Agenda
	Absolute Poverty
	Access to Basic Services and Its Linkage with Ending Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Basic Services and the Global Goals
		Status of Access to Basic Services in the Developing World
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Accident
	Acquisition
	Adaptability
	Added Value
	Adjustment with Human Face
	Adolescent Pregnancy
	Agrarian
	Aid
	Aid Recipients, Global Development Cooperation, and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		What Is Development Aid?
		The Advent of the Modern-Day Donor-Aid Recipient Relationship
		The Dynamics of Donor-Aid Recipient Relationships
		Impact of Development Aid in the Recipient Countries
		From Aid Recipients to Donors or Emerging Donors
		Development Aid, Aid Recipients, and the SDGs
		Conclusion and the Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Antagonism
	Anticipation
	Anti-poverty Initiatives: Reducing Multidimensional Poverty and Deprivation
		Definitions
		Introduction
		India
		Bangladesh
		Cambodia
		Peru
		Vietnam
		Social Development as a Means to End Poverty
		Targeting Poor
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Assistance to Poor Families
B
	Basic Amenities
	Basic Income
	Basic Income Guarantee
	Basic Living Stipend
	Benefits
	``Big Push´´ Economic Development Theory for Sustainable Growth
		Definition
		Introduction
		Dynamics of Poverty and Inequality
		The Big Push (Economic Development) Theory
		Strategic Considerations for Developmental Investment
		Livelihood Among the Rural Poor
		Potentials ``Within and Around´´ Rural Communities
		Barriers to Exploring Potentials: Developmental Opportunities
		Recommendation: A Conceptual Model
		Conclusions and Implications
		Cross-References
		References
	Bottom of the Pyramid
	Breadline
	Broader Growth
	Build Back Better
C
	Calamity
	Cash Transfer: A Strategic Determinant for Poverty Reduction
		Synonyms
		Definition of Cash Transfer (CT)
		Introduction
		Background of Cash Transfer
		Cases of Cash Transfer in Africa and Elsewhere
		Benefits of Cash Transfer
		Drawbacks of Cash Transfer
		Supplementing Cash Transfers with Social Services
		Implications of Economic Growth and Development
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Cataclysm
	Catastrophe
	Causes of Migration
	Challenges and Constraints in Building Business Models to Fight Poverty
		Definitions
		Introduction and Purpose of the Entry
		Social Entrepreneurship Toward Poverty Alleviation at the Base of the Pyramid (BOP)
		Brief Developments of BOP Literature: Social Entrepreneurship and the Business Model Lens
			BOP Social Enterprises to Fight Poverty
			Business Models to Operate in BOP Contexts
		Challenges of Building Business Models to Alleviate Poverty
			Affordability of the Offering
			Availability of Products and Services
			Acceptability and Awareness
			Business Models´ Characteristics in BOP: Inclusivity and Co-creation
			Dealing with Mission Drift Risk
		Conclusions and Future Avenues of Research
		Cross-References
		References
	Challenges of Demographic and Epidemiological Transitions
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Demographic Transition
				Urbanization and Demographic Shift: Contemporary Challenges
				Demographic and Societal Transformations: Some Environmental Challenges
			Epidemiologic Transition
			Social, Economic, and Cultural Aspects
			Population Mobility in Contemporaneity
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Child Labor
	Child Labor: History, Process, and Consequences
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Concept of Child Labor
		Background and Context
			Socio-economic Determinants of Child Labor
		Impact of Child Labor
		Child Labor in the Context of Global Scenario
			Prevalence of Child Labor
			The Right to Home and Human Rights
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Child Rights
	Chronic Poverty: Current Global Scenario
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Causes of Chronic Poverty
		Global Trends of Chronic Poverty
			Africa and Sub-Saharan Region
			Asian Region
			Latin American Region
			Chronic Poverty in High-Income and Transitional Countries
		Limitations and Future Research
		Cross-References
		References
	Citizen´s Basic Income
	Citizen´s Income
	Civic Service
	Climate Diet
	Collaborative Consumption
	Collaborative Economy
	Collective Rights
	Community Benefit
	Community Development
	Community Development in Urban Areas Using Resident Participation as a Strategy
		Definitions
		Background and Context
		The Theories Underlying Participation in Urban Governance
		A Ladder of Citizen Participation - Types of Participation and Non-participation
			Participation and Community Involvement
			Benefits of Participation in Community Development
			Challenges of Residents´ Participation in Urban Issues
		Conclusion
		Policy Implications
		Cross-References
		References
	Community Revitalization: Addressing Multidimensional Poverty at the Grass-Root Level
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Sustainable Development Goals
		Approaches to Community Revitalization
		Principles of Community Revitalization
		Strategies for Economic Revitalization
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Community Self-Help Projects
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Why Community Self-Help Projects?
		The Problem of Resource Mobilization and Service Delivery in Self-Help Projects Execution
		Community Self Help Projects and Sustainable Development Goals
		Paths Forward
		Conclusions
		References
	Community-Building Initiatives
	Compensation
	Conditional Cash Transfer
	Conditional Cash Transfers
	Constrained Growth
	Coronavirus Disease
	Corporate Social Responsibility
	Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
	Corporate Social Responsibility for Poverty Alleviation: Creating Shared Value and Bottom of the Pyramid
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Creating Shared Value
			The Origins of the Shared Value Concept
			The Shared Value Philosophy
			Three Types of Issues: Prioritizing Social Issues
			How Shared Value Is Created
		``Bottom/Base´´ of the Pyramid
			The Origins of the Bottom of the Pyramid
			The Bottom of the Pyramid Philosophy
			The Evolution of the Bottom of the Pyramid
		The Impact of Shared Value and Bottom of the Pyramid on Poverty Alleviation
		Summary and Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Country Development Level Classification
	Country-Income Level Classification: Relationship to Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Country-Income Classification
		Income Level and the Sustainable Development Goals
		The Impact of Income on Poverty Alleviation
		Income Level and International Cooperation
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Countryside
	Crime
	Criminal Behavior
	Crises
	Cultural Distance
D
	Defective
	Demographic Transition
	Deprivation
	Destitution
	Developing Countries
	Developing Countries: Modern Perspectives on Ideas for Upliftment
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Key Features of Developing Countries
			Quality of Life
			Health and Nutrition
			Urbanization
			Regulatory Dynamics
		Ideas for Development
			The Role of Policy in Development
			Unifying the Development Schools of Thought
		Cross-References
		References
	Development
	Development Aid
	Development Aid Effectiveness
	Development Aid Effectiveness: Challenges and Commitments
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Declarations on Aid Effectiveness
			Paris Declaration (2005)
			Accra Declaration (2008)
			Busan Declaration (2011)
			Addis Ababa Action Agenda for Financing for Development (2015)
			Nairobi Outcome Document (2016)
		Effective Development Cooperation: Institutional Platform
			Working Party on Aid Effectiveness
			Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation
		Challenges and Principles of Development Assistance
			Ownership
			Alignment or Inclusive Partnership
			The Mutual Accountability and Transparency
			Fragmentation of Aid and Harmonization
			Managing for Results
		Aid Predictability
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Development Assistance
	Development Assistance Effectiveness
	Development Funding
	Devising Socioeconomic Status-Based Policies for Poverty Alleviation
		Definition
		Introduction
		Socioeconomic Status (SES): A Multidimensional Concept
		Socioeconomic Status (SES) as a Multilevel Concept
		Socioeconomic Status Measures
		Education
		Income, Consumption, and Wealth
		Employment Status
		Family Structure
		Devising Socioeconomic Status-Based Policies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Dietary Challenges Related to Attainment of Sustainability Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction and Background
		Current Discourse
		Environmental Impact
			Life Cycle Assessment
			Resource Use
			Emissions
			Feed Conversion Ratios
		Different Diets
		Health
		Social and Economic Sustainability
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Dietary Footprint
	Dilapidated
	Disadvantaged Neighborhood and Poverty
		Introduction
		Definition
			Origin of a Disadvantaged Neighborhood
		Disadvantaged Neighborhood in Developed Countries
			African American Neighborhoods in USA
			Disadvantaged Neighborhood in UK - A Case Study: Birmingham
			Stigma and Discrimination
			Disadvantaged Neighborhood in France
			Disadvantaged Neighborhood in Germany
		Disadvantaged Neighborhood in Developing Countries
		Slums of India
			Bangalore Slums: A Case Study
				History of Migration
				Quality of Households
		Conclusion
		Way Ahead
		References
	Disadvantaged Neighborhoods
	Disaggregation
	Disaster Management
	Disaster Preparedness: Approaches and Frameworks
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Disaster and Disaster Preparedness
		Disaster Preparedness Approaches
			Vulnerability (and Hazard and Risk) Assessments
			Early Warning System (EWS)
			Contingency Planning, Stockpiling of Equipment and Supplies
			Coordination, Communications and Information Management
			Personnel Training, Drills and Field Exercises
			Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan
		Disaster Preparedness Frameworks
			Institutional Framework
			Legislative Framework
			Disaster Preparedness Indicators
			Paths Forward
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Disaster Recovery
	Disaster Recovery Toward Attaining Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Concept of Recovery and Disaster Recovery Approaches
		Characteristics of Disasters Recovery
			Recovery as an Entry Point in the Time of Uncertainty Through Planning
			Recovery as Reestablishment and Restoration of Infrastructure and Systems
			Recovery as an Opportunity to Reduce the Vulnerability of Women and Increase Gender Equality
			Recovery as Sustainability of Interventions with the Aim of Building Back Better
		Disaster Recovery Process and Duration
		Issues of Disaster Recovery: Toward the Sustainable Goals
			Balancing Social, Economic, and Environmental Sectors During Recovery
			Meeting the Demand of Disaster-Affected Communities in Middle- and Low-Income Countries
			Meeting the Target of SDGs: End Poverty
		Way Forward
			Enhanced Conceptualizations of the Recovery
			Strengthen the Bond Among Institutions for Collaboration and Coordination During Disaster Recovery
			Ensuring Sustainability
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Disaster Risk Reduction
	Discrepancy
	Discrimination
	Distribution
	Diversity
	Donor-Aid Recipient Relationship
	Drivers of Migration
	Dynamics of Poverty on Globalization
		Synonyms
		Definition(s)
		Background
		Relevant Theoretical and Empirical Underpinnings on Poverty and Globalization
		Sustainable Development Strategy for Poverty Reduction
		Globalization Benefits to the Poor
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
E
	Early Childbearing
	Early Pregnancy
	Ecological Footprint
	Economic Assistance
	Economic Development: Definition, Scope, and Measurement
		Definition
		Introduction
		History of Economic Development
		What Is Underdevelopment?
			Economic Development: Concepts
		Scope of Development Economics
		Features of Development Economics
		Measurement of Economic Development
			Per Capita Income (PCY)
			Limitations of PCY as an Indicator of Economic Development
			Structural Change
			Full Employment
			Normative Values
			Improvement in Human Status
			Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
			Human Development Index (HDI)
			Poverty Index
			Sustainable Development
		Conclusion
		References
	Economic Growth
	Effect of Welfare Reforms on Poverty Alleviation
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		The Impact of Select Welfare Policies on Poverty Alleviation
		Welfare Reforms Around the World
			Welfare Reforms in Brazil
			Welfare Reforms in the UK
			Welfare Reform in the Philippines
		Welfare Reform in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Emergency Response Planning as a Tool to Support Natural and Natech Risk Management
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Background: Hazard and Disaster Preparedness
			Organizational Background
			Definition of Hazards, Risk, and Vulnerability
			Types of Hazards
			Natech Hazards
			Risk Assessment and Analysis
		Deterministic and Probabilistic Method
		Semiquantitative Method
		Framework of Risk Management
			Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
			Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level (APELL)
		Tools and Data
			Rapid-N
		The Case of Central Asia
		Role of Higher Education to Foster ERP
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Empowerment, Poverty, and Vulnerability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Empowerment
			Empowerment and the Vulnerability of People Considered Poor (Dimensions, Concepts, Approaches)
			Poverty: Concepts and Classifications
			Multidimensional Poverty and the SDGs
		Leave No One Behind and Empowerment
			Dimensions and Concepts for the Empowerment in the context of Pverty and Vulnerability
				Economic Empowerment
				Political Empowerment
				Social Empowerment
			Concepts, Strategies, and Instruments
			Criticism of Empowerment
		Ideas of Empowerment Through Social and Environmental Justice
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Ending Poverty: The Role of Food and Nutrition to the Vulnerable
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Poverty
	Energy Security and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
			Energy Security
				Energy Security Evolution
				Energy Security Externalities
				Energy Security Complexity
			Energy Security and Sustainable Development
				Energy Security and Sustainable Development Framework
				Availability
				Accessibility
				Affordability
				Acceptability
				Sustainable Development and Energy Security in Energy Policy
				Energy Security and Sustainable Development Goals
				Energy Security and Sustainable Development Scenario
				Energy Security and Sustainable Development Reconciled
				Sustainable Development, Energy Security, and Energy Poverty
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Supply
	Environmental Footprint
	Epidemiologic Transition
	Equality
	Equity
	Eradication
	Eradication of Poverty
	Eradication of Poverty: Policies and Legal Perspective
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Poverty Causes: Dimensions and Characteristics of the Poor
			Poverty Causes
			Poverty Dimensions
			Characteristics of the Poor
			Eradication of Poverty in Document
		Eradication of Poverty in Law
		Connectivity of Legal Provisions and Documentary Research on Eradication of Poverty to Achieving Sustainable Development
		Eradication of Poverty and Economic Growth
		Policies for Eradication of Poverty
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Essential
	Ethnic Inequality
	Ethnic Minorities
	Ethnic Poverty: Causes, Implications, and Solutions
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Ethnic Poverty in Developing Countries
			Historical Antecedents and Conflicts
			Unequal Access to Education and Infrastructure
			Disproportionate Employment and Pay Disparities
			Solutions to Ethnic Poverty in Developing Countries
		Ethnic Poverty in Developed Countries
			Historical Factors
			Educational Variations
			Employment and Pay Disparities
			Entrepreneurship Inequalities
			Solutions to Ethnic Poverty in Developed Countries
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Examining the Contemporary Conflict Regions in the World
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Operationalizing the Term ``Conflict´´
		Conflict Regions in the World
		India-Pakistan Conflict over Kashmir
		Rohingya Conflict
		Syria Conflict
		Israel-Palestine Conflict
		Summary and Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Extreme Poverty
	Extreme Poverty Measurement
	Extreme Poverty: Definitions and Concepts
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		International Measure of Extreme Poverty
		The Multidimensional Nature of Extreme Poverty
		Absolute Poverty (Extreme Poverty) in Light of United Nations´ Documents
		Extreme Poverty According to the World Bank
		Poverty Versus the Right to Adequate Standard of Living in the Documents in the Scope of Human Rights Protection
		Concept of Extreme Poverty in the European Union
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
F
	Fallacy
	Financing
	Finite Growth
	Flexibility
	Food Footprint
	Food Insecurity
	Food Sovereignty: Definition, Origin of the Concept, and Sustainable Food System
		Definition
		Introduction. Other Definitions
		Origin of the Concept of ``Food Sovereignty´´
		Food Sovereignty Versus Food Security
		Development of the Concept of Food Sovereignty
		Six Pillars of Food Sovereignty Developed at Nyéléni 2007
		Seven Principles of Food Sovereignty
		Food Sovereignty and Climate Change
		Food Sovereignty and Women
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Free Market Liberalization
	Functionality Economy
	Fundamental
G
	Gender-Based Violence
	Genesis and Measurement of Multidimensional Poverty Index
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Poverty Across Multiple Dimensions
		Foundations of Multidimensional Poverty Measurement
		Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
			Methodology
			Methods for Weighting of Dimensions
		Empirical Evidence So Far
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Genesis of Poverty
	Gini Coefficient
	Gini Concentration Ratio
	Gini Index: Conceiving Inequality in One Single Number
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Constructing the Gini Index
		Desirable Properties of the Gini Index
		Shortcomings
		Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Variables
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Gini Ratio
	Global Development
	Global Institutions Working for the Poor and Vulnerable
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Beginning of Modern-Day Global Institutions and Governance
		The United Nations
		The United Nations Development Program, UNDP
		The UN Peacekeeping Missions
		International Criminal Court (ICC)
		The United Nation Children´s Fund, UNICEF
		The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
		The World Bank
		International Monetary Fund, IMF
		International NGOs
		Global Institutions and the Future of SDGs
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Global South-Global North Differences
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Evolution of the Concepts of the Global South and the Global North
		Brandt Line as a Visual Depiction of the Global North - Global South Divide
		Income Differentials
		Innovation Performance as the Factor Distinguishing the Global South and the Global North
		Education System in the Global South and the Global North
		Social Problems
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Globalization, Global Poverty
	Group Rights
	Guaranteed Annual Income, Universal Demogrant
H
	Happiness
	Hazard Management
	Historical Aspects of Eradication of Poverty Action
		Definition
		Introduction
		Beginnings of Poverty Action
		Industrialization and Its Effect on Poverty Action
		Post-World War II: Up to the 1960s
		Economic Crises: 1970s and 1980s
		Era of Human Development: 1990s
		Poverty Action Through Empowerment: 2000s
		Future of Poverty Action
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	History of Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Historical Preconditions of Poverty
			The Impact of the Colonial Period on the Level of Poverty in Developing Countries
			History of Poverty in the Nineteenth-Twentieth Centuries
			The Great Depression of the Twenty-First Century
			Millennium Development Goals as a Period of History of Eradicating Poverty
			Period After 2015
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Holistic Development
	Homelessness by Choice and by Force
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		What is Homelessness?
		Is Homelessness a Matter of Choice or Force?
		Causal Factors of Homelessness by Choice and by Force
		Managing Homelessness
		Sustainable Development and Homelessness
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Homicide
	Household Earning
	Household Income as an Indicator for Addressing Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Income Inequality and Poverty Nexus
			Why Income Inequality Matters?
				Levels of Past Income Inequality
				The Extent of Economic Development
				Demographic Factors
				Human Capital
				National Resources
				Domestic Investment Rate
				The Size of Government/Government Consumption Expenditure
				Globalization
				Democracy
				Employment/Labor Force Participation
		Poverty and Inequality: The Conceptual Linkage
			Household Income Survey/Data Collection
		Socioeconomic Determinants of Household Income
		Key Messages and Concluding Remarks
			Key Messages
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Household Receipt
	Household Resources
	Houselessness
	Human Development
	Human Development and Sustainability
		Definition
		Introduction
		Human Development: Concept and Discourse
			Human Development and Capability Approach
			Human Development and Economic Growth
			Poverty, Human Capital, and Human Development
			Human Development, Human Freedom, and Human Rights
		Measurements of Human Development
			Human Development Index (HDI)
			Gross National Happiness Index (GNHI)
			Progress in Human Development
		Human Development and Sustainability
		Sustainable Human Development
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Development Index
	Human Development Index as an Indicator of Social Welfare
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Economic Growth, Poverty, Inequality, and Human Development: The Starting Point for the HDI
			Definition and Assessment of Standard of Living
		Human Development Index and Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Indices
			Composition and Calculus of the HDI
			Considering Inequality: The Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index
		The Assessment of Human Development: Why Is It Important to Have a Measurement?
		Other Important Related Indicators
		Summary as a Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Happiness: Conceptual and Practical Perspectives
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction: Human Poverty and Happiness - Theoretical, Philosophical, and Practical Perspectives
			Chapter Overview
		The Human Development Index (HDI)
		The World Happiness Report (WHR)
		The Happy Planet Index (HPI)
		Bhutan´s Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index
		Meaningful Relationships
		Generosity
		Disposable Time
		Spirituality
		Gratitude
		Concluding Synthesis: Cross-Cutting Considerations
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Rights
	Human Well-Being
	Hunger
	Hygiene and Sanitation Measures
I
	Ideologies of Poverty
	Importance of Education
	Impoverishment
	Inadequate
	Inappropriate
	Incident
	Income Poverty
	Inequality
	Inferior or Substandard Housing
	Influence of Culture and Migration in Reducing Poverty and Inequality
		Definition
		Introduction
		Poverty, Inequality, and Growth
			Disparities Between the Ones Who Move and the Ones Who Stay in the Origin Countries
			Inequalities Among Natives and Migrants in the Destination Countries
		The Nexus Culture-Language-Migration
			Interactions Between Culture and Migration
			Language´s Impact on the Destination Choice
		Development Strategies
			Migration for Sustainable Development
			Culture as Sustainable Development
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Informal
	Insecure Accommodation
	Integration
	International Institutions
	International Labor Organization (ILO)
	International Organizations
	International Poverty Line
	Interpersonal Separation
	Intolerance
	Israel Palestine Conflict
K
	Kashmir Conflict
L
	Leave No One Behind
	Legal Empowerment
	Less-Developed Countries
	Limits to Material Growth in a Resource Finite World
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Origins
		The Beginnings of Limits to Growth
			The World Model
			Key Messages
		Critique of Limits to Growth
		Beyond the Limits to Growth
			The Idea of Limits to Growth in Other Disciplines
				Modern Economic Theory
				Ecological Economics
				Ecological Footprints
				Planetary Boundaries
		Cross-References
		References
	Limits to Success
	Local Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies Focusing on Small Island Developing States
		Synonyms
		Definitions of Disaster
		Introduction and SDGs
		Hyogo and Sendai Frameworks for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
		Definitions of Disasters
			Resilience
			Managing and Dealing with Disasters
		Examples of Disasters Globally and Associated Impacts
		Small Island Developing States and Associated DRR Strategies
			Effective Partnering for DRR
			Inclusive Decision-Making: Contributing to Strengthening Local Resilience
		The Way Forward
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
M
	Macroenvironment Variables
	Mapping
	Market Development
	Measurement of Multidimensional Child Poverty
		Definition
		Introduction
		Approaches to the Measurement of Multidimensional Poverty
		Main Actors in Poverty Measurement
		Existing Approaches to Multidimensional Child Poverty and Empirical Evidence
			Empirical Evidence
				High-Income Economies
				Low and Middle-Income Economies
		Perspectives for Future Research
		Cross-References
		References
	Measurement of Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Poverty Measurement Approaches
			The Welfare Approach
			Budget Standard Approach
			Food Expenditure Approach
			National Level Approach
			Basic Needs Approach
			Capabilities Approach
			Vulnerability Approach
		Poverty Lines
			Basic Needs Poverty Lines
			Food and Non-food Poverty Lines
			Food Energy Intake Poverty Lines
			International or National Poverty Lines
		Poverty Measurement Indices
			Head Count Ratio
			Poverty Gap and the Squared Poverty Gap Indices
			Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) Index
			Human Poverty Index
			Multidimensional Poverty Index
			Relative Poverty (Inequality) Measures
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Methodologies of Social Impact Assessment of Aid
		Definition
		Introduction
		Understanding the Basics of Social Impact Assessment
			Core Values of Social Impact Assessment
			Fundamental Principles of Social Impact Assessment for Development
			Guidelines of Social Impact Assessment
		Methodologies of Social Impact Assessment
			Steps in the Social Impact Assessment Process
				Public Involvement
				Identification of Alternatives
				Baseline Conditions
				Scoping
				Projection of Estimated Effects
				Predicting Responses to Impacts
				Indirect and Cumulative Impacts
				Changes in Alternatives
				Mitigation
				Monitoring
			Tools and Methods of Social Impact Assessment
				Analytical Tools
				Community-Based Methods
				Consultation Methods
				Observation and Interview Tools
				Participatory Methods
				Workshop-Based Methods
		Social Impact Assessment and Aid
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Microfinance as a Panacea for Poverty Reduction
		Definition
		Introduction
		Global Experience with Microcredit
		Poverty and Microcredit
		Usage of Microfinance
		Microfinance as a Tool for Poverty Reduction
		Challenges of Microfinance in Poverty Reduction
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Migration Drive
	Migration Theory
	Misbelief
	Misconception
	Money Metric Approach of Measuring Poverty
	Multidimensional Deprivation
	Multidimensional Impoverishment
	Multidimensional Poverty
	Murder
N
	National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies
			Risk Governance as a National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy
			Risk Reduction Strategies by Means of Reducing Vulnerability
			Strategies for Risk Reduction and Resilience
			The Resilient City
		Sustainable Development and National Strategy for Risk Reduction
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	National Poverty Line
	National Risk Management System
	Natural Resource Management: An Approach to Poverty Reduction
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conceptualizing Natural Resource and Its Management
		Approaches to Natural Resource Management
			Community-Based Natural Resource Management
			Adaptive Management
			Integrated Natural Resource Management
		Natural Resource Governance
		Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Associated with Poverty and Natural Resource Management
			Sustainable Development Goal 1 - No Poverty (UNDP 2015)
			Sustainable Development Goal 15 - Life on Land (Ibid.)
		Poverty Reduction Through Natural Resource Management
		Selected Global NRM Practices
			Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Botswana (Based on Mbaiwa 2014)
			Improved Crop-Livestock System in West Africa Through Integrated Natural Resource Management (Based on Tarawali et al. 2004)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Necessary
	Neighborhood Revitalization
	Nonconforming
	Non-metropolitan
O
	Official Development Assistance for Poor and Vulnerable
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Aid Flows
			The Devil Is in the Detail: The Definition of ODA
			DAC Aid
			Non-DAC Aid Flows
			Civil Society Organizations
		Does ODA Work for the Poor and Vulnerable?
			ODA Programs for the Poor and Vulnerable
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Opportunity
P
	Paradigms of Development Frameworks Using Gender Equality Strategies
		Definition
		Introduction
		Primary Paradigms of Development
		Paradigms of Development Employed in Gender Equality Strategies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Paradigms of Poverty: Concepts and Causes
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Concepts of Poverty
			Primary and Secondary Poverty
			Absolute and Relative Poverty
			The Poverty Line and Extreme Poverty
			Mediation of Relative Poverty
			Multidimensional Facets of Poverty
		Causes of Poverty
		Eradication of Poverty
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Pastoral
	Patterns of Being Extremely Poor
	Peer Economy
	Peer to Peer Markets
	Peer to Peer Rental
	Penury
	Peri-urban Zones
	Planetary Health Diet
	Plant-Based Diet
	Policy
	Poor
	Poor Urban Neighborhood
	Post-Growth Thinking and Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Limits to Growth
		Degrowth
		Green Growth
		Post-Growth Thinking
		Post-Growth Policy Options
			Alternative Measure of Development
			Reduction in the Consumption and Wastage of Resources
			Reduction in Inequality of Income and Wealth
			Stabilization of Population
			Reduction in Debt
			Redirect Public Expenditure to Conservation of Resources
		Relation with SDG 1: No Poverty and Global Pandemic
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Poverty
	Poverty Alleviation
	Poverty and Compliance with Covid-19 Safety Protocols in Developing Countries
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Outbreak of Covid-19 in the Context of Developing Countries
		Fiscal and Monetary Response in the Wake of Covid-19 Outbreak
		Social and Behavioral Science Theory
		Poverty and Implication for Lockdown Protocols
		Poverty and Implication for Social Distancing Protocols
		Poverty and Implication for Regular Hygiene Protocols
		Poverty and Implication for Gender-Based Violence
		Poverty and Implication for Science Communication
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		Cross-References
		References
	Poverty Eradication and Fight Against Poverty
	Poverty Eradication Assistance Effectiveness
	Poverty in Extractive Industries and Environmental Impact Assessment Process
		Definitions
		Introduction
			The Role of Extractive Industries in Nations and Local Communities
			EIA and Environmental Performance - Case Study of the Oil and Gas Industry
			The Poverty Conundrum
			The Clientelist Relations Vis-à-Vis CSR Initiatives
			The Quality of EIA Outputs and the Size of Project Proponents
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Poverty Index: Welfarist and Multidimensional Approaches
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Indicators of Absolute or Extreme Poverty
		Multidimensional Poverty Indexes
			The Mexican Antecedent
			The Alkire-Foster Methodology for a Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
			Limitations of the MPI-Global
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Poverty Line
	Poverty Lines and Their Role in Reducing Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Poverty Lines
		Poverty Lines and Related Concepts
		Local and National Poverty Lines
		The International Poverty Line and the Eradication of Global Poverty
		Everything Changes, Everything Stays the Same: $1 Becomes $1.08, Becomes $1.25, Becomes $1.90 - The Development of the Interna...
		What We Have Learned from the IPL
		Positioning the International Poverty Line in a More Broadly Based Global Poverty Project
		Poverty Lines and Their Critics
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Poverty Measures
	Poverty Myths
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Myth 1: Income as the Only Measure of Poverty (Guy et al. 2013)
			Myth 2: Globalization Will Help Communities Overcome Poverty
			Myth 3: ``Poor People Only Live in Poor Countries´´
			Myth 4: Poverty Eradication First Before Environmental Stability
			Myth 5: Foreign Aid Is a Waste
		Overcoming the Myths
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Poverty Premiums: Cost of Being Poor
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Path to Relative Poverty
		Elements of the Poverty Premium
		The Cost of the Poverty Premium
			I Have Never Worked So Hard to Be So Poor
			Accessing Credit: Developed and Developing Approaches
		The Social Cost of the Poverty Premium
		Poverty Premiums and Sustainable Development Goal 1
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Poverty Reduction
	Poverty Reduction Program
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Four Types of Poverty Reduction Program Approaches
			Monetary Approach
			Capability Approach
			Participatory Poverty Assessments
			Social Exclusion
		Poverty Reduction - Malaysia Experience
		Malaysian Policies and Strategies
			New Economic Policy (NEP 1971-1990)
			National Development Policy (NDP 1991-2000)
			Vision 2020
			National Vision Policy (NVP 2001-2010)
		Malaysian Initiatives in Poverty Reduction
			eKasih
			1Azam
			FELDA
			1Malaysia Concept
				Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia
				PR1MA
				KAR1SMA
				AS 1Malaysia
				BR1M
		Malaysia Achievement
		Conclusion
		References
	Poverty Spectrum
	Poverty Threshold
	Pregnancy at Adolescence
	Principles Leading to Poverty
	Private Income
	Private Sector Development
	Pro-gender Development Strategies
		Definition
		Introduction
		The History of Global Progress Toward Gender Equality
		Eliminating Poverty by Supporting Gender Quality
		Impact of Pro-gender Development Strategies
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Prone
	Pro-poor Development Strategies
		Definitions: Pro-Poor Growth and Development
		Introduction
		Defining Poverty: An Historical Perspective
		Measuring Poverty
			Determining Poverty Lines, Depth and Severity Measures
		Economic Growth and Poverty Alleviation
		Strategies for Pro-Poor Development
		Cross-References
		References
	Pro-poor Growth
	Public Value
R
	Race Discrimination: Evolution and Economic Impact
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Evidence of Race Discrimination
			Methodologies to Obtain Evidence for Race Discrimination
			The Empirical Evidence So Far
			The Basis of Discrimination
		Consequences of Race Discrimination
		Remedies for Race Discrimination: Toward the SDGs
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Racial Discrimination and Poverty Reduction for Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Definition of Racial Discrimination
		Dimensions of Racial Discrimination
			Racial Discrimination and Employment
			Racial Discrimination and Health
			Racial Discrimination and Housing
			Racial Discrimination and Migration
			Racial Discrimination and the Administration of Justice
		The Fundamental Link Between Racial Discrimination and Poverty
		``Race and Poverty´´ in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Eradicating Racial Discrimination and Poverty to Achieve Sustainable Development
		Policy Suggestions
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Racism
	Readiness
	Reasons for Migration
	Recovery from Social and Economic Chaos: The Building of Resilient Communities
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Theoretical Background of Disaster Risk Management
			Sustainability, Resilience, and Disasters
			Long-Term Recovery from Major Socioeconomic Chaos at the Community Level
				Collaborative Resilience
			Addressing Critical Factors in Fostering Community Resilience
				Trust
				Socio-ecological Dynamics
				Social Dynamics
				Individual Dynamics
			Socioeconomic Recovery in Terms of Shelter
			Recovery from Disasters at the Personal Level
				Dealing with the Aftermath of a Disaster
			Economic Recovery
		Conclusion
		References
	Reduction of Poverty
	Reduction of Vulnerability
	Regenerative Economies: A New Approach Towards Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction
			What Is Regenerative?
			Regenerative Economy and Capitalism
			Regenerative Capitalism
			Regenerative Agriculture
		Characteristics and Principles of Regenerative Economy
			Characteristics of Regenerative Economy
			Principles of a Regenerative Economy
		Relevance of Regenerative Economics
		Future Perspective
			From a Mechanistic to a Holistic Worldview
			Creating Regenerative Economies Using the Laws of a Holistic Universe
		Conclusion
		References
	Relationship Between Macroambient Factors, Circular Economy, and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Influence Relationship Between Sustainability, Circular Economy, and Macroenvironment
			Sustainability and Sustainable Development
			Circular Economy
			Macroenvironment Factors
				Economic Dimension
				Environmental Dimension
				Social Dimension
				Institutional Dimension
		Final Considerations
		References
	Relationship Between Violence and Poor Societies
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Main Concepts
			Violence
			Poor Societies
		Are Countries Poor Because They Are Violent or Violent Because They Are Poor?
			Violence in Poor Societies
			Impact of Violence - Poor Societies. Substantial Direct and Indirect Costs
			Other Effects of Violence
			Wealth Gap in Society
		How to Break that Vicious Circle?
			Urbanization
			Laws Related to Alcohol Consumption and Guns
			Police System
			Availability of In-Depth Statistical Data on Violence
			Justice System
			Penitentiary System
		Efficiency of Various Measures
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Relative Poverty
	Resilience of Poor and Vulnerable Against Disasters and Associated Economic Shock
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		International Frameworks: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Related Developments
		Disasters
		Vulnerability: Disasters Are Not Neutral
		Economic and Human Shock from Disasters
		Resilience: A ``Silver Bullet´´ for Disaster Risk Reduction
		How Do the Vulnerable Respond or Prevent Hazard Impacts?
			Hazard Profile of India and Indonesia
			Sustainable Development Goals in India and Indonesia
			Vulnerability Profile of Bihar, India and Mentawai, Indonesia
			Disaster Impacts
			Recovery: Government and Community Actions
		Coping Mechanisms of the Vulnerable
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Resilience of the Poor Against Extreme Climate Change-Related Events
		Definition
		Introduction
			Poverty and Vulnerability
		Climate Change and the Poor
		Why Resilience?
		Framing of Resiliency
			Qualities of a Resilient System (Resilience Framework, Rockefeller 2014)
		Resilience and Natural Disasters
		Poor and Resilience Against Disasters
			Two Examples of Good Resilience Programs (Levine and Mosel 2014)
		Building Resilience
		The Future
		Cross-References
		References
	Resilience to Disaster Risk
	Restore
	Retrieve
	Revive
	Right to Cultural Heritage
	Right to Development: Theory, Practice, and Articulation with SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Human Rights and the Right to Development
		States, Development, Aid, and Human Rights
			The Declaration on the Right to Development (DRD)
		Issues in the Right to Development
			The RTD in a Global Neoliberal World
			Cooperating for the RTD
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Right to Economic and Social Development
	Right to Natural Resources
	Right to Self-Determination
	Rights to Land Ownership: A Means Toward Fighting Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Why Land Standards Matter in the Context of Achieving Zero Poverty
			Introduction and Rationale
			The Imperative of Setting International Standards for Land Transactions
			Benefits of Adopting International Land Measurement Standards in Relation to Achieving SDG 1 ``No Poverty´´
			Secure Tenure
			Anti-corruption
			Stimulating Investment and Growth
			Fair Compensation
			Sustainable Taxation
			Gender Equality
			Effective Channeling of Development/Donor Aid
			Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Rohingya Crisis
	Role of Globalization and Localization from the Perspective of UN SDG Target 1
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Globalization
		Role of Globalization Towards SDG-1
		Localization
		Global-to-Local Shift
			Role of Localization Towards SDG-1 Targets
				Local Finance
				Local Business
				Local Energy
				Local Food and Farming
				Health and Education
		Globalization Versus Localization
		Cross-References
		References
	Role of Integrated Urban Regeneration in Reducing Urban Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Integrated Urban Regeneration: Emergence of the Concept and Characterization of the Practice
		A Characterization of Integrated Urban Regeneration: Understanding Its Main Methodological Elements
		Concluding Remarks: Integrated Urban Regeneration as a Pathway to Tackle Urban Poverty
		Cross-References
		References
	Role of Poverty Maps in Poverty Elimination
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction and Background
		The Process
		Data Sources and Measures
		Method Selection
		Small Area Estimation (SAE) Technique
		Limitations of Poverty Maps Using SAE Techniques
		Applications
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Role of Social Belongingness During the Post-Disaster Recovery
		Definition
		Introduction
		Different Theoretical Perspectives on Social Belonging
			Social Identity and Social Capital
			Social Change
			Civic and Ethno Sense of Belonging
			Belongingness in the Post-Disaster Recovery Phase
		Ambiguity During the Post-Disaster Recovery Period
			Gender as an Entry Point for Belongingness
			Does Age Impact on Sense of Belongingness?
		Social Capital and Sense of Belonging in Post-Disaster Recovery
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Role of Social Registry in Poverty Elimination
		Definition
		Need and Role of Social Registry in Poverty Elimination
		Typologies of Social Registry
		Linkages of Social Registry with Sustainable Development Goal ``End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere´´
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Roles of Culture and Cultural Sustainability in Eliminating Poverty
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Conceptualizing Poverty
		Conceptualizing Culture and Cultural Sustainability
		Culture ``At the Heart´´ of Sustainable Development
		Existing Understandings of Poverty and Culture
		Implications of Poverty for Cultural Strength and Sustainability
		Roles of Vibrant Cultural Practices in Eliminating Poverty
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Rooflessness
	Roots of Inequalities
	Roots of Poverty
	Rural Poverty and Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Rural Poverty
		Recommendations to End Rural Poverty
		Cross-References
		References
S
	Safeguard
	Science, Technology, and Policy for Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Introduction: S&T and Sustainable Development
		Foreordained: S&T for Development
			Two Discursive Shifts
			Institutionalization of an Instrumental Relationship
		Theorizing S&T as Development
		Conclusion: S&T for Sustainable Development
		References
	SDGs
	Security of Energy Supply
	Segregation
	Self-Provisioning
	Shanty Town
	Shanty Towns
	Shanty Towns: A Solution to Housing Shortage Problems
		Synonyms
		Definitions
			Squatter Settlement
			Slum
		Introduction
		Historical Approaches of Addressing Shanty Town Challenges
		Geographical Context of Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya
		Origins of Kibera
		Government Response to the Kibera Slum
		Dharavi Shanty Town Mumbai, India
			Geographical Context of Dharavi
		Origins of Dharavi
		Current State of Dharavi
		Government Response to Dharavi Shanty Town
		Lessons from the Kibera and Dharavi Shanties
		Conclusion
		Recommendations/Policy Options
		Cross-References
		References
	Shared Value
	Sharing Economy: Opportunities and Challenges for a New Economic Model
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Four Pillars of Sharing Economy
		The Sharing Economy, An Alternative to the Capitalism?
		Sustainability Challenges for Sharing Economy
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Situating Volunteer Work and Volunteering in Theory and Practice
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Volunteer Work
			What Is Volunteer Work?
			Volunteering and the SDGs
			The Diversity of Volunteering
			Toward a More Inclusive Understanding of Volunteering
				Theoretical Assumptions and Contradictions
			Harnessing the Capacity of Volunteering for the SDGs
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Slum
	Slums
	Small Area Estimates
	Social Activities
	Social and Behavioral Science
	Social and Environmental Justice
	Social and Solidarity Economy
	Social Benefit
	Social Distance Among Nations and the Intensification of Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Social Distance and Lack of Empathy Towards Other Cultures and Nations
		Conflicts and Poverty
		Context of the International Division of Labor and the Intensification of Poverty
		The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Reduction of Inequalities
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Distancing
	Social Entrepreneurship and Scaling Strategies for Poverty Alleviation
		Definitions
		Social Entrepreneurship for Poverty Alleviation
		Scaling BoP Social Enterprises
		Barriers and Challenges of Scaling toward Poverty Alleviation
		Resources to Fight Poverty
		Successful Strategies to Scale BoP Social Enterprises
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Exclusion
	Social Exclusion and Social Inclusion
		Synonyms
		Introduction
		Origins of Social Exclusion
			Groups That Are Socially Excluded
		Dimensions and Issues related to Social Exclusion
			Social Exclusion Is Multidimensional
			Social Exclusion as a Process
			Social Exclusion Is Context-Specific
			Social Exclusion Is Relational
			Social Exclusion from an Individual and Collective Perspective
		Policy Implications
			Social Inclusion
		Toward a Social Inclusion Agenda
		Policy Implications
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Impact
	Social Inclusion
	Social Inequalities
	Social Innovation
	Social Insurance
	Social Isolation
	Social Justice and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Social Justice
			Social Justice as Fairness
			Social Justice as Compassion
			Social Justice as Distribution
		Sustainability and Social Justice
			Frameworks of Sustainability
			Sustainability, Development, and Justice
			Sustainable Development Goals and Social Justice
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Outcomes
	Social Output
	Social Policy
	Social Procurement
	Social Protection
	Social Security
	Social Security Benefits
	Social Separation
	Social Value: Co-creation, Challenges, and Assessment
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Co-creating Social Value
			Background
			Partnerships and Hybrid Collaborations
			Social Enterprises and Social Businesses
			Employment
		Challenges and Barriers to Creating Social Value
			Social Value Orientation
			Organizational Obstacles
			Politics
		Assessing and Measuring Social Value
			Why Assess?
			Key Factors
			Seven Core Principles
		Social Value and the UN SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Welfare
	Sources of Relief Funding for Poverty Alleviation
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Public Sources of Poverty Relief Funding
			Development Finance Institutions (DFIs): Funding for Private Sector Projects
			Development Banks: Loans to States and State Institutions
			Debt Relief for Poverty Reduction
			Official Development Assistance
		The Role of the Private Sector in Relief Funding for Poverty Alleviation
			Financial Inclusion as a Poverty Relief Tool
			The Role of Digital Financial Services on Poverty Alleviation
			Socially Responsible Funds and Impact Investing Capital for Poverty Alleviation
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Squatter Settlement
	Squatter Settlements
	Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility
	Subjective Well-Being
	Subnormal
	Substandard Housing Challenges: Case of Bangladesh Using Intrafamilial International Remittance
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Substandard Housing
		Bangladesh and Climate Change
		Remittance in the Bangladesh Context
		Planning, Building, and Construction in Bangladesh: The State of Play
		Discussions
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Supply Disruption
	Survey
	Susceptible
	Sustainable Development
	Sustainable Development Goals
	Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
	Sustainable Development of Slum Living
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Emergence of Slum
		Sustainable Development of Slum Living
			Sustainable Development Goals and Slum Living
			From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals
			Sustainable Policies for Slum Improvement
			Economic Sustainability in Slum Living
		Social Sustainability in Slum Living
			Environmental Sustainability in Slum Living
		Tough Choices Ahead
		Future Directions
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Diets
	Sustainable Eating
	Sustainable Economic Model
	Sustainable Management
	Sustainable Poverty Reduction Strategies: Remodeling Economic and Social Welfare Measures
		Definitions
			Poverty
			Sustainable Governance
			Systemic Problem
		Introduction
		Causes of Poverty
			Structural Effects
			Structural Effect on the Balanced Workforce
			Culture and Tradition
		How to Minimize Poverty
			Governance Issues
				Strategic Vision for the Country
				Avoid Systemic Problems
				Holistic Policies
				Building Open, Effective, and Accountable Institutions
				Climate Change
				Inclusive Growth Policies
				Level Playing: No State Preference
				Social Reforms
				Remodeling the Existing Economic and Social Welfare Measures
				Reengineering the Occupational Structure
			Basic Infrastructure
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Urban Regeneration
	Syria Conflict
T
	Teen Pregnancy
	Teenage Pregnancy and Poverty
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
			Poverty
			Gender-Unequal Norms and Attitudes
			Early Marriage
			Lack of Contraceptive Behavior
			Systems Breakdown
			Lack of Information and Low Education
			Inaccessible Healthcare Facilities
			Child Sexual Abuse
		Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy
			Health
			Education
			Economic Well-Being: Poverty
			Social Safety
		Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Adolescent Pregnancy
			Education
			Health
		SDG and Adolescent Pregnancy
		Recommendations
			Laws Against Child Marriage
			Implementation of Programs for Compulsory Comprehensive Sex Education
			Diminishing Social Stigma-Related to Purchase and Use of Contraceptives
			Availability of Contraceptives in a Humanitarian Setting
			Early Identification and Treatment Programs for Mental Health
			Strengthening Public Education
			Introducing Second Chance Programs
			Access to School Health Services
			Promoting Gender Equality
			Introducing the Earned Income Tax Credit
			Provide Economical Protection to Low-Income Groups
			Easy Accessibility of the Full Range of Healthcare Facilities
			Promoting Positive Teenager Involvement Opportunities
			Initiate Behavior Change Programs: Choosing Education over Parenthood
			Regulating the Media Content
			Educating Parents so as to Break the Barrier of Communication
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Tenure
	Theories of Migration: Reasons for Mobility
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Theories on Initiation of Migration
			Sociological Theories of Proactive Migration
			Economic Theories of Proactive Migration
			Geographical Theories of Proactive Migration
			Socioeconomic Theories of Proactive Migration
			Theories of Reactive Migration
		Theories of Self-Sustaining Migration
		Key Issues
		Migration and Development
			Optimistic Views
			Pessimistic Views
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Third Generation Rights
	Tool for Risk Management
	Transfer
	Transient Poor
	Transparency
	Triadic Nexus Among Agriculture, Climate Change, and Poverty
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Understanding Poverty: Linking Growth to Sustainable Development
		Poverty: Progress Toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and SDG1
		Agriculture, Climate Change, and Poverty: Cross-Scale Tensions
		The Global Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Case Study Review
		Pathways to Poverty Reduction and Social-Ecological Security Through Climate Change Adaptation or Mitigation
		Methodological Ways Forward
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
U
	Unacceptable
	Underdeveloped Countries
	Understanding Affordable Housing in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Affordable Housing and Development
			Introduction
			Housing as a Human Right
			Government Interventions on Housing Policy: Affordable Housing and Social Housing
			Measuring and Studying Housing Affordability
		Conclusions: What Way Forward?
		Cross-References
		References
	Unemployment and Livelihood Support
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Youth Unemployment in Nigeria
		National Youth Policy on Unemployment
		Poverty and Unemployment in Nigeria
		Concept of Rural Youth Livelihoods
		Improving Youth Livelihoods in Rural Areas
		Future Labor Demand in Rural Areas
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	United Nations
	United Nations (UN)
	Universal Basic Income Mechanism for a ``Zero Poverty´´ World: Dateline 2030
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Historical Evolution and Literature Review
		Transition from Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals
			Towards a 2030 Universal Goal´s Agenda
		SDG 01: Promise for a ``Zero Poverty´´ World
		Global Review of Poverty by the United Nations
		Country-Specific UBI-Led Poverty-Alleviation Constructs
			Is UBI a more efficient way to eliminate poverty than targeted subsidies?
			Alaska
			Finland
			Canada
			Kenya
			India
		India´s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), 2005
		Feasibility of UBI Scheme as a ``Poverty Alleviation´´ Mechanism
		UBI Debate in World´s Largest Democracy: Context of India
		Cyclic and Intersectional Poverty Conundrum
		Is UBI a Panacea for Social Inequalities?
		UBI and Emergence of a New ``Social Welfare Compact´´
			How Do Sovereign States and Citizens Fit the Plan?
		Visioning a ``Zero Poverty World´´ by 2030 and Beyond
			Transition from Monetary Transfers to Welfare Policies
		Tackling a Multidimensional ``Zero Poverty´´ Agenda
			A Proposed SDG Plan for Action
		Moving Forward
			What Next?
		Conclusion
			The Road Ahead
		Further Readings
		References
	Unsecure
	Urban Poverty
	Urban Poverty and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Brief Review of Literature
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Regeneration
	Urban Revitalization
	Urbanization
	Urban-Rural Interface
V
	Vicious Circle
	Vital
	Volunteering
	Volunteerism
	Vulnerability
	Vulnerable People: Disasters and Risk factors in Nigeria
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		General Review of Vulnerability Studies
			Physical Vulnerability
			Social Vulnerability
			Socio-physical Vulnerability
		Nigeria´s Disaster Profile
			Floods
			Droughts
			Social Emergencies
		Vulnerability Studies in Nigeria
		Risk Factors of Vulnerable People in Nigeria
		Paths Forward
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
W
	Washington Consensus, Inclusive Growth, and Poverty Reduction
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty Reduction
		Institutional Reforms and Poverty Reduction
		How Do Institutions and, Institutional Reform, Matter for Growth and Poverty Reduction?
		Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) and Poverty Reduction Discourse
		What Are the Guiding Principles and Processes of PRSP?
		What Are the Limitations of PRSP?
		Links Between the PRSP Pillars and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		Social Safety Nets and Poverty Reduction Nexus
		Inclusive Growth and Policy Ingredients
		Why Must Growth Be Inclusive for Poverty Reduction?
		Measuring Inclusive Growth
		Key Messages and Concluding Comments
		Concluding Comments
		Cross-References
		References
	Welfare Measures
	Welfare State, Poverty, and the SDGs: Supporting Sustainable Social Protection
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Links Between the Welfare State and SDG Strategies to Combat Poverty
		Theoretical Understanding of the Welfare State
		The Welfare State in the Age of Austerity and Neoliberal Dominance
		Conclusion: How the Welfare State can Address Poverty
		Cross-References
		References
	Western Diet
X
	Xenophobia