Nitric Oxide in Plant Physiology

Nitric Oxide in Plant Physiology......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
List of Contributors......Page 15
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.2 Nitric Oxide Chemistry......Page 22
1.3 Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide......Page 23
1.4.1 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Seed Dormancy......Page 25
1.4.3 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Senescence......Page 26
1.4.7 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Chlorophyll Content......Page 27
1.4.9 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Antioxidant System......Page 28
1.4.10 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Programmed Cell Death......Page 29
1.5.1 Auxins and Nitric Oxide......Page 30
1.5.3 Cytokinins, Gibberellins, and Nitric Oxide......Page 31
References......Page 32
2.1.1 Chemistry of Nitrogen-Active Species......Page 37
2.1.2 Biological Effects of NO......Page 38
2.2.2 Determination of NO by Spectrophotometric and Fluorometric Methods......Page 39
2.2.3.1 Specific Experimental Advances......Page 40
2.3 Use of EPR Methodology for Assaying Enzyme Activities......Page 42
2.3.2 Nitrate Reductase-Dependent NO Generation......Page 44
2.4 Application of EPR Methods to Assess NO Generation During Plant Development......Page 46
References......Page 47
3.1 Introduction......Page 51
3.2 Cell Polarity and Plant Gametophyte Development......Page 53
3.3 Calcium Signaling in Pollen and Fern Spores......Page 54
3.4 NO/cGMP Signaling in Pollen and Fern Spores......Page 55
3.5 NO/cGMP in Pollen–Pistil Interactions......Page 58
3.6 Ovule Targeting and NO/cGMP......Page 59
3.7 Ca²+/NO/cGMP Connection?......Page 62
3.8 Closing Perspectives......Page 66
References......Page 68
4.1 Introduction......Page 71
4.2.2 Reactive Nitrogen Species......Page 72
4.3.1 Nitrosylated Metals......Page 74
4.3.4 Nitrolipids......Page 75
4.3.6 NO and Gene Regulation......Page 76
4.4.1 Salinity......Page 77
4.4.3 Ozone......Page 78
4.4.5 Toxic Metals (Cadmium and Aluminum)......Page 79
4.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 80
References......Page 81
5.1 Introduction......Page 85
5.2 Cytokinin- and Polyamine-Induced NO Biosynthesis......Page 86
5.3 Tissue Distribution of Zeatin-Induced and PA-Induced NO Formation......Page 87
5.4.1 Embryogenesis......Page 88
5.4.4 Programmed Cell Death......Page 89
5.4.5 Abiotic Stresses......Page 90
5.4.6 Biotic Stresses......Page 91
References......Page 93
6.1 Programmed Cell Death in Plants......Page 97
6.1.1 PCD Hallmarks and Regulation......Page 98
6.2.1 NO Is Able to Induce or Inhibit PCD......Page 99
6.2.3 Signaling Component in SA-Induced NO Production......Page 100
6.3 Role of Mitochondria in NO-Induced PCD......Page 104
References......Page 105
7.1 Introduction......Page 109
7.2 Physicochemical Basis of NO Signaling......Page 111
7.3.1 Accumulation of Defensive Compounds......Page 112
7.3.2 Hypersensitive Response......Page 113
7.3.4 Stomatal Closure......Page 114
7.4.2 Production of NO from Nitrite......Page 115
7.5 The Role of Nitrate Reductase in NO Production During Plant–Pathogen Interactions......Page 117
References......Page 118
8.1 Introduction......Page 123
8.2 Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Hypersensitive Response......Page 124
8.3 Nitric Oxide and Phytoalexin Production......Page 127
8.4 Nitric Oxide and the Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway......Page 128
8.6 Nitric Oxide and Gene Regulation......Page 129
8.7 Nitric Oxide and Protein Regulation......Page 130
References......Page 131
9 The Role of Nitric Oxide as a Bioactive Signaling Molecule in Plants Under Abiotic Stress......Page 135
9.2.1 NO Generated from NOS-Like Activity Under Abiotic Stress......Page 136
9.2.2 NO Generated from NR Under Abiotic Stress......Page 140
9.3 NO Signaling Functions in Abiotic Stress Responses......Page 141
9.3.1 Function of NO Under Drought Stress......Page 142
9.3.2 Function of NO Under Salt Stress......Page 143
9.3.3 Function of NO Under Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 145
9.3.5 Function of NO Under Heavy Metal Stress......Page 146
9.3.6 Function of NO Under Other Abiotic Stresses......Page 147
9.4.1 cGMP-Dependent Signaling......Page 148
9.4.2 Downstream Signaling for NO Action......Page 149
9.5 Interactions of NO Signaling with Other Signaling Molecules in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress......Page 151
References......Page 155
10.1 Introduction......Page 159
10.2 NO Burst......Page 160
10.3 Cooperation of NO with H2O2 in Triggering Programmed Cell Death......Page 162
10.4 Cross Talk of NO with Salicylic Acid, Jasmonic Acid, and Ethylene......Page 165
10.5 The Role of NO in the Micro- and Macroscale of Plant Communication......Page 166
10.5.2 NO in Short-Distance Communication......Page 167
10.5.3 NO from Cross- to Long-Distance Communication......Page 168
10.6 Does NO Participate in Stressful Memory of the Plant?......Page 169
10.7 NO and Plant Recovery from Stress......Page 171
10.8 NO in the Offensive Strategy of the Pathogen......Page 174
References......Page 175
11.1 Introduction......Page 181
11.2.1 Nitrification......Page 182
11.2.2 Denitrification......Page 183
11.3.1 Metabolic Regulation......Page 184
11.3.3 Stimulation of Oxidative and Nitrosative Defenses......Page 185
11.4.2 Plant Responses to Bacterial NO: The Azospirillum–Tomato Interaction......Page 186
References......Page 189
12.1 Introduction......Page 193
12.2 Physiological and Immunoblot Analyses of NOS-Like Protein of Pea......Page 194
12.3 Isolation and Characterization of an NOS-Like Protein of Pea......Page 197
12.4 Molecular Cloning and Analyses of an NOS-Like Gene of Pea......Page 201
12.5 Correlation Study of NOS-Like Gene Expression and NOS Activity in Compatible and Incompatible Pea–Bacteria Interactions......Page 204
References......Page 205
13.1 Introduction......Page 209
13.2 S-Nitrosylation......Page 210
13.2.1 S-Nitrosylation and Ethylene Biosynthesis......Page 211
13.2.2 S-Nitrosylation and Photosynthesis......Page 212
13.2.3 S-Nitrosylation and Glycolysis......Page 214
13.2.4 S-Nitrosylation and Biotic/Abiotic Stresses......Page 215
13.3 Tyrosine Nitration......Page 217
13.5 Conclusions and Prospects......Page 218
References......Page 220
Index......Page 223