NGOs Mediating Peace: Promoting Inclusion in Myanmar’s Nationwide Ceasefire Negotiations (Twenty-first Century Perspectives on War, Peace, and Human Conflict)

Foreword
Preface
Praise for NGOs Mediating Peace
Contents
About the Author
List of Abbreviations
List of Figures
Chapter 1: Introduction: Unsettled Reflections From Golden Valley, Myanmar
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Are Mediators Norm Entrepreneurs?
	1.3 Why NGO Mediators in Myanmar?
	1.4 My Argument
	1.5 How I Did the Research for This Book
	1.6 Overview of This Book
	References
Chapter 2: Promoting Peace or Pushing Norms? Normative Agency and Mediators as Norm Entrepreneurs
	2.1 The Normative Turn of International Peace Mediation
	2.2 From Peace Broker to Peacebuilder: The Role of Mediators in Conflict Resolution
		Mediators as Peace Brokers
		Mediators as Peacebuilders?
	2.3 Norm Diffusion and Norm Entrepreneurship in International Relations
	2.4 A Theory of Normative Agency
		Norm Entrepreneurship and Normative Agency
	2.5 Concluding Thoughts: Promoting Peace or Pushing Norms?
	References
Chapter 3: New Kids on the Block: The Rise of NGO Mediators in Peace Mediation
	3.1 The Rise of NGO Mediators in Contemporary Peacemaking
	3.2 The Alternative Legitimacy of NGOs as Mediators
	3.3 Three Types of NGO Mediators
	3.4 Concluding Thoughts
	References
Chapter 4: The Promised Land of Inclusive Peace: NGO Mediators as Norm Entrepreneurs of Inclusion
	4.1 Introduction: The Promised Land of Inclusive Peace
	4.2 Applying the Analytical Framework: Assessing NGO Mediators’ Normative Agency
		NGO Mediators and Framing Inclusivity
		NGO Mediators and Social Practices Promoting Inclusivity
		NGO Mediators’ Power: Legitimacy and the Limits of Normative Agency
	4.3 Concluding Thoughts
	References
Chapter 5: What’s in a Norm? What Normative Frameworks in Myanmar Reveal About Inclusivity
	5.1 A Moral Touchstone? The Concept of “Unity” Among Myanmar’s Conflict Parties
	5.2 Unified National Identity Through Ethnonationalism
		The Forging of Ethnic Identity in Pre-colonial and Colonial Burma (-1886–1941)
		The Panglong Conferences and the Promise of Inclusion (1945–1947)
		EAGs, Ethnic Alliances and the Limits of Ethnic Unity in Armed Ethnonationalist Movements (1948 to Present)
	5.3 Unified National Identity Through Militarized State Formation
		The Formation of the Tatmadaw (1941–1960)
		The BSPP Military Government (1962–1988)
		SLORC and SPDC (1990s–2010s)
	5.4 Unity and Inclusivity in Myanmar: Congruent or Clashing Normative Frameworks?
	5.5 Concluding Thoughts
	References
Chapter 6: Chronicles of a Norm for Sale: Norm Entrepreneurship in the Myanmar NCA Negotiations
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The “Homegrown” NCA Process in Myanmar: A Niche for NGO Mediators and Private Diplomacy
	6.3 NGO Mediators Frame Inclusivity to the Negotiating Parties? (2012–2013)
		Framing Inclusivity to the EAGs
		Framing Inclusivity to the Government
		Framing Inclusivity to Actors Outside the Negotiation Table
	6.4 Agency of Local Agents: How Do Negotiating Parties Treat the Inclusivity Norm? (2013–2015)
		EAGs’ Acceptance of the Inclusivity Norm
		The Government’s Acceptance of the Inclusivity Norm
	6.5 Concluding Thoughts
	References
Chapter 7: “The Trouble With Inclusivity:” How Promoting Inclusive Peace Led to an Exclusive Outcome
	7.1 The Outcome of the Norm Diffusion Process in Myanmar (2013–2015)
		Inclusivity of Non-armed Actors
	7.2 The Role of NGO Mediators in the Outcome of Norm Diffusion in Myanmar (2015)
		The Limits to Normative Agency of NGO Mediators
	7.3 Effects of Norm Localization on the Myanmar Peace Process
	7.4 Chapter Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Conclusion: Should NGO Mediators Promote Norms?
	8.1 Return to Peaceland?
	8.2 NGO Mediators as Peacelanders: Where Do We Go From Here?
	8.3 The Limits of Inclusive Peace in Myanmar
	8.4 Future Research Agendas
	8.5 Concluding Thoughts
	References
Appendix: Interview List
Index