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دسته بندی: نظریه کنترل خودکار ویرایش: نویسندگان: B. Ross Barmish سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0023060557, 9780023060557 ناشر: Macmillan Coll Div سال نشر: 1993 تعداد صفحات: 411 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 7 مگابایت
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در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب New Tools for Robustness of Linear Systems به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
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This book is an outgrowth of my longstanding interest in robust control problems involving structured real parametric uncertainty. At the risk of beginning on a controversial note, I believe that it is fair to say that in the robust control field, most research is currently concentrated in five areas. The popular labels for these areas are H00 , μ, Kharitonov, Lyapunov and QFT. Some colleagues in the field would insist on including L1 as a sixth area. In terms of the five labels above, the takeoff point for this book is what I believe to be one of the major milestones in the literature relevant to control theory-a 1978 paper in a differential equations journal by the Russian mathematician V. L. Kharitonov; see Kharitonov {1978a). Kharitonov's paper began to receive attention in the control field in 1983 and provided strong motivation for a decade of furious work by researchers interested in robustness of systems with real parametric uncertainty. I use the word "furious" above because at times, the race for results got rather heated. On numerous occasions, the same result appeared nearly simultaneously in two journals-by different authors, of course. Given this explosive rate of publication, much "smoke" has emerged. The uninitiated reader who wants to become familiar with the new developments faces an enormous pile of papers and may not know which ones to read first. My choice of material for this text implicitly provides my perspective on this matter. One of my main objectives is distillation-taking this large body of new literature, picking out the most important results and simplifying their explanation so as to minimize time investment associated with learning the new techniques. In this regard, many of the proofs are new and given here for the first time. At the outset, the reader should be aware that the robust control literature does not contain many results "linking" the different areas of research. I am hoping, however, that my exposition will motivate others to undertake efforts aimed at unification of the field; this book is not the "grand unifier." My point of view is as follows: The serious student of robust control might reasonably be expected to take three or four courses in the area. In this sense, my hope is that this book would be a strong competitor for being the text in one of these courses. After weighing the trade-offs between encyclopedic coverage and pedagogy, I resisted the temptation to let the scope get too broad. I opted to concentrate on trying to write a text which is "technically tight" and yet does not require too high a level of technical sophistication to read. My targeted reader is the beginning graduate student who is familiar with just the basics such as Bode, Nyquist, root locus and elementary state space analysis. For a one-semester course of 13-15 weeks, I would recommend Chapters 1-11 and 14-16. An ambitious instructor might also include selected results from Chapters 12, 13 and 17. In many places throughout the text, I refer to the value set. Once this rather simple concept is understood, it becomes possible to unify most of the new technical developments emanating from Kharitonov's Theorem. While we may have the illusion that we have been bombarded with dozens of new "lines of proof" over the last decade, the truth of the matter is that most of the seemingly disparate new results can be easily understood with the help of one simple idea-the value set. Granted, I am overstating my case a bit here, but in spirit, I feel that my contention is correct. At this point, I must note that I have avoided calling the value set concept "new." Value sets arise in many fields, for example, mathematics, economics and optimization. In fact, even in the control literature, value sets appear as early as 1963 in the textbooks of Horowitz and Zadeh and Desoer. What is new in this book is the way the value set is used to unify a large body of literature on robustness of control systems. In fact, one of the greatest challenges in writing this book was taking existing results from the literature and finding new ways to explain them using the value set. To provide my personal perspective on how this research area came into being, let me begin by noting that Kharitonov's Theorem first came to my attention in 1982 at a workshop in Switzerland organized by Jiiergen Ackermann. At that time, I remember sitting next to Manfred Morari and listening to Andrej Olbrot exploit Kharitonov's Theorem to prove a result on delay systems. Given that Kharitonov's Theorem was published in 1978, my immediate reaction to Olbrot's presentation was one of bewilderment. Despite the fact that it was published in a Russian differential equations journal, I could not understand how such an important result had been unheralded in the control community for more than four years. Immediately following the workshop in Switzerland, there was a period of about six months which I spent working with Kris Hollot and Ian Petersen expending considerable effort trying to decide if Kharitonov's cryptic proof was correct. It was. Apparently, Olbrot was aware of the importance of Kharitonov's Theorem at least one year before the workshop in Switzerland. In a 1981 letter from Olbrot to Ackermann (following a workshop in Bielefeld), the theorem was stated precisely. In his letter, Olbrot also recognized that this result had possible applications to "insensitive stabilization." Kharitonov's name finally surfaced in the control journals in 1983 in Bialas (1983) and Barmish (1983). While my paper is frequently cited for exposing the power of Kharitonov's Theorem in the "western literature,'' the paper by Bialas had an equally important role. Although Bialas' attempt to generalize from polynomials to matrices turned out to be incorrect (for example, see Karl, Greschak and Verghese (1984) for a counterexample), his paper served to stimulate researchers to address the following question: To what extent can Kharitonov's strong assumptions on the uncertainty structure be relaxed? An important breakthrough in this direction was the Edge Theorem of Bartlett, Hollot and Huang (1988). This added fuel to the fire just as the flames were beginning to subside.
Contents Part I. Preliminaries 1 Chapter 1. A Global Overview 2 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Robustness Problems . . 3 1.3 Some Historical Perspective . 5 1.4 Refinement of the Scope. . . 5 1.5 Kharitonov's Theorem: The Spark . 7 1.6 The Issue of Uncertainty Structure . 8 1. 7 The Mathematical Programming Approach 9 1.8 The Toolbox Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.9 The Value Set Concept . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.10 Mathematical Model Versus the True System . 12 1.11 Family Paradigm. . . . . . . . 13 1.12 Robustness Analysis Paradigm 13 1.13 Robustness Margin Paradigm. 14 1.14 Robust Synthesis Paradigm . . 15 1.15 Testing Sets and Computational Complexity 15 1.16 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Chapter 2. Notation for Uncertain Systems 19 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 Notation for Uncertain Parameters. . 19 2.3 Subscripts and Superscripts . . . . . . 21 2.4 Uncertainty Bounding Sets and Norms 21 2.5 Notation for Families . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Uncertain Functions Versus Families . . . . . . 22 2. 7 Convention: Real Versus Complex Coefficients 23 2.8 Consolidation of Notation . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter 3. ·case Study: The Fiat Dedra Engine 29 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2 Control of the Fiat Dedra Engine . . . . 30 3.3 Discussion of the Engine Model . . . . . 30 3.4 Transfer Function Matrix for the Engine 33 3.5 Uncertain Parameters in the Engine Model 33 3.6 Discussion of the Controller Model . . . . . 34 3. 7 The Closed Loop Polynomial . . . . . . . . 36 3.8 Is Symbolic Computation Really Needed? . 37 3.9 Symbolic Computation with Transfer Functions 38 3.10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Part II. From Robust Stability to the Value Set 41 Chapter 4. Robust Stability with a Single Parameter 42 4.1 Stability and Robust Stability . 42 4.2 Basic Definitions and Examples 43 4.3 Root Locus Analysis. . . . . . 44 4.4 Generalization of Root Locus . 45 4.5 Nyquist Analysis . . . . . . . . 47 4.6 The Invariant Degree Concept 47 4. 7 Eigenvalue Criteria for Robustness . 50 4.8 Machinery for the Proof . . . . . . . 52 4.9 Proof of the Theorem . . . . . . . . 54 4.10 Convex Combinations and Directions 54 4.11 The Theorem of Bialas . . . . . . . 55 4.12 The Matrix Case . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.13 Introduction to Robust V-Stability 60 4.14 Robust V-Stability Generalizations 62 4.15 Extreme Point Results . . . . . . . 63 4.16 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Chapter 5. The Spark: Kharitonov's Theorem 65 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.2 Independent Uncertainty Structures 65 5.3 Interval Polynomial Family 67 5.4 Shorthand Notation . . . . . 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 The Kharitonov Polynomials Kharitonov's Theorem .... Machinery for the Proof . . . Proof of Kharitonov's Theorem. Formula for the Robustness Margin Robust Stability Testing via Graphics Overbounding via Interval Polynomials Conclusion ............... . 68 69 70 77 79 79 81 83 Chapter 6. Embellishments of Kharitonov's Theorem 86 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.2 Low Order Interval Polynomials . . . 87 6.3 Extensions with Degree Dropping . . 88 6.4 Interval Plants with Unity Feedback . 89 6.5 Frequency Sweeping Function H(w) 91 6.6 Robustness Margin Geometry . . . . 94 6.7 The Tsypkin-Polyak Function . . . . 96 6.8 Complex Coefficients and Transformations . 102 6.9 Kharitonov's Theorem with Complex Coefficients . 104 6.10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Chapter 7. The Value Set Concept 109 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.2 The Value Set . . . . . . . . . 110 7.3 The Zero Exclusion Condition . 112 7.4 Zero Exclusion Condition for Robust V-Stability . . 114 7.5 Boundary Sweeping Functions . 116 7.6 More General Value Sets . 118 7.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Part III. The Polyhedral Theory Chapter 8. Polytopes of Polynomials 8.1 Introduction ......... . 8.2 Affine Linear Uncertainty Structures . 8.3 A Primer on Polytopes and Polygons 8.4 Introduction to Polytopes of Polynomials 8.5 Generators for a Polytope of Polynomials 8.6 Polygonal Value Sets .......... . 8. 7 Value Set for a Polytope of Polynomials . 8.8 Improvement over Rectangular Bounds 8.9 Conclusion ................ Chapter 9. The Edge Theorem 149 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.2 Lack of Extreme Point Results for Polytopes . 150 9.3 Heuristics Underlying the Edge Theorem . 150 9.4 The Edge Theorem . . . . . . . . . . 152 9.5 Fiat Dedra Engine Revisited . . . . . 154 9.6 Root Version of the Edge Theorem. . 160 9.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Chapter 10. Distinguished Edges 164 10.1 Introduction . . 164 10.2 Parallelotopes . . . . . . . . 165 10.3 Parpolygons . . . . . . . . . 167 10.4 Setup with an Interval Plant . 167 10.5 The Thirty-Two Edge Theorem . 168 10.6 Octagonality of the Value Set . . . 169 10. 7 Proof of Thirty-Two Edge Theorem . 175 10.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Chapter 11. The Sixteen Plant Theorem 1 78 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 178 11.2 Setup with an Interval Plant . 179 11.3 Sixteen Distinguished Plants . 180 11.4 The Sixteen Plant Theorem. . 182 11.5 Controller Synthesis Technique . . 182 11.6 Machinery for Proof of Sixteen Plant Theorem . 186 11.7 Proof of the Sixteen Plant Theorem . 192 11.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter 12. Rantzer's Growth Condition 196 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 196 12.2 Convex Directions . . . . . . . . . . 197 12.3 Rantzer's Growth Condition . . . . 200 12.4 Machinery for Rantzer's Growth Condition . 202 12.5 Proof of the Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 12.6 Diamond Families: An Illustrative Application . 214 12. 7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Chapter 13. Schur Stability and Kharitonov Regions 218 13.l Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 13.2 Low Order Coefficient Uncertainty . . . 219 13.3 Low Order Polynomials . . . . . . . . . 223 13.4 Weak and Strong Kharitonov Regions 13.5 Characterization of Weak Kharitonov Regions . 225 13.6 Machinery for Proof of the Theorem . . 228 13.7 Proof of the Theorem . 233 13.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Chapter 14. Multilinear Uncertainty Structures 237 14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 14.2 More Complicated Uncertainty Structures. . 238 14.3 Multilinear and Polynomic Uncertainty . . 238 14.4 Interval Matrix Family . . . . . . . . . . . 242 14.5 Lack of Extreme Point and Edge Results . 244 14.6 The Mapping Theorem . . 246 14.7 Geometric Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . 247 14.8 Value Set Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . 248 14.9 Machinery for Proof of the Mapping Theorem . 250 14.10 Proof of the Mapping Theorem . . 252 14.11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Part IV. The Spherical Theory 257 Chapter 15. Spherical Polynomial Families 258 15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 258 15.2 Boxes Versus Spheres . . . . . . 259 15.3 Spherical Polynomial Families . 260 15.4 Lumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 15.5 The Soh-Berger-Dabke Theorem. . 267 15.6 The Value Set for a Spherical Polynomial Family. . 270 15. 7 Proof of the Soh-Berger-Dabke Theorem . 272 15.8 Overbounding via a Spherical Family . . . . . 273 15.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Chapter 16. Embellishments for Spherical Families 278 16.l Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 16.2 The Spectral Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 16.3 Formula and Theorem of Barmish and Tempo . 280 16.4 Affine Linear Uncertainty Structures . . . . . 284 16.5 The Testing Function for Robust Stability . 285 16.6 Machinery for Proof of the Theorem . . 289 16.7 Proof of the Theorem . 292 16.8 Some Refinements . 293 16.9 Conclusion PartV. Some Happenings at the Frontier 297 Chapter 17. An Introduction to Guardian Maps 298 17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 17.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 17.3 Topological Preliminaries for Guardian Maps . 300 17.4 The Guardian Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 17.5 Some Useful Guardian Maps . . . . . . . . 303 17.6 Families with One Uncertain Parameter . . 305 17. 7 Polynomic Determinants . . . . . . . . . 306 17.8 The Theorem of Saydy, Tits and Abed . 307 17.9 Schur Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 17.10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Chapter 18. The Arc Convexity Theorem 314 18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 18.2 Definitions for Frequency Response Arcs . 315 18.3 The Arc Convexity Theorem . . . . . . 316 18.4 Machinery 1: Chords and Derivatives . 317 18.5 Ma.Chinery 2: Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 18.6 Machinery 3: The Forbidden Cone . . . 321 18. 7 Proof of the Arc Convexity Theorem . 323 18.8 Robustness Connections . . 324 18.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Chapter 19. Five Easy Problems 330 19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 19.2 Problem Area 1: Generating Mechanisms . . 331 19.3 Problem Area 2: Conditioning of Margins . . 338 19.4 Problem Area 3: Parametric Lyapunov Theory . . 342 19.5 Problem Area 4: Polytopes of Matrices . . 34 7 19.6 Problem Area 5: Robust Performance . . . . . 351 19. 7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Appendix A. Symbolic Computation for Fiat Dedra 358 Bibliography 361 Index