New Research Directions In Solar Energy Technologies

Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Editors and Contributors......Page 11
General......Page 17
 Introduction to New Research Directions in Solar Energy Technologies......Page 18
1 Introduction......Page 26
2 Background of Renewable Energy in India: Global and Local......Page 27
3 Potentials of Solar Power: JNNSM and India......Page 30
4 Why JNNSM Should Be Important to India......Page 35
5 Solar Energy: The Way Forward......Page 39
References......Page 43
1 Introduction......Page 46
2.1 Smart Grid and Its Architecture......Page 47
2.2 Layers of Cyber Attacks......Page 48
2.3 Cyber Attacks on DERs in a Smart Grid......Page 50
2.4 Detection and Mitigation Techniques for Cyber Attacks in Smart Grid......Page 52
3 Case Study of FDI Attack on IEEE 34 Bus System......Page 54
3.1 System Model and Simulation Setup......Page 55
3.2 Data Gathering, Cleaning, and Preprocessing......Page 56
3.3 Attack Scenario Construction......Page 57
3.4 Simulation Results......Page 58
4 Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Protection Scheme......Page 61
References......Page 63
Power Generation Using Solar Energy......Page 67
1.1 Global Energy Crisis......Page 68
1.3 Solar Cell Technology......Page 69
1.4 The Emergence of Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)......Page 70
2.1 Structural Properties......Page 72
2.2 Electronic Structure......Page 75
3.1 Single Crystals (SCs)......Page 76
3.2 Thin Films......Page 78
4 Basic Principle of PSCs......Page 81
4.1 Charge Generation and Transport in Perovskite Materials......Page 82
4.2 Characterization Processes of PSCs......Page 84
5.1 Device Architectures......Page 86
5.2 PSCs with Various HTM Layers and Their Device Performance......Page 88
5.3 PSCs with Various ETM Layers and Their Device Performance......Page 117
6.1 Hysteresis......Page 138
6.2 Stability......Page 139
7 Future Outlooks......Page 141
References......Page 143
1 Introduction......Page 165
2.1 Integration of Plant Dyes in Solar Cells......Page 170
2.2 Fabrication and Coating......Page 172
3 Challenges and Perspectives......Page 178
4 Conclusions......Page 183
References......Page 184
1 Introduction......Page 188
1.1 Limitations of Batteries in Buildings......Page 189
2.1 Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting......Page 190
2.2 Thermoelectric Generation and the Figure of Merit......Page 191
3.1 Electrical Conductivity Measurement......Page 193
3.3 Thermal Conductivity Measurement—Laser Flash Method......Page 194
4 Cement Composites as Thermoelectric Material......Page 195
4.2 Thermoelectric Properties......Page 197
4.3 Hall Effect......Page 202
5 Conclusions......Page 203
References......Page 204
1 Introduction......Page 207
2 Wettability Properties......Page 209
3 Optical Properties......Page 217
4 Durability Properties......Page 223
4.1 Abrasion Test......Page 224
4.3 Pencil Hardness Test......Page 225
4.5 Tape Test......Page 226
4.7 Chemical Stability......Page 227
4.8 Thermal, UV and Environment Stability......Page 228
5 Photovoltaic Performance......Page 237
6 Summary and Outlook......Page 239
References......Page 241
Applications of Solar Energy......Page 245
1 Introduction......Page 246
2 Solar Cooking Appliance......Page 247
3 The Concept Behind Electrical OTGs......Page 251
3.1 Literature Review of Existing Electric Ovens......Page 253
4 Need for the Hybrid Oven......Page 254
5 Literature Review of Existing Hybrid Ovens and Cookers......Page 255
6.1 Design Aspects of Oven......Page 257
6.2 Operational Dynamics......Page 259
6.3 Comparison of the Proposed Hybrid Oven with the Existing Literatures......Page 261
8 Conclusions......Page 262
References......Page 263
1 Introduction......Page 265
2 Mathematical Model......Page 267
2.1 Determination of Air Permeation......Page 268
2.2 Determination of Thermal Conductivity......Page 269
3 Heat Transfer Analysis......Page 271
4 Ideal Gas Analogy......Page 273
5.1 Comparison Analysis......Page 274
5.2 Heat Transfer Analysis Considering Thermal Bridge......Page 278
References......Page 280
1.1 Background......Page 283
1.2 Worldwide Adaptation of EVs......Page 284
2 India’s Growth in EV Global Market......Page 285
2.1 The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME)......Page 286
3.1 EV Charging Station......Page 287
3.2 Wireless EV Charging System......Page 292
3.3 Solar-Based EV Charging System......Page 295
3.4 Vehicle-Integrated PV (ViPV) System......Page 298
4 EV Charging Infrastructure in India......Page 299
5 Challenges and Social Barriers......Page 301
5.1 Environmental Challenges......Page 302
5.3 Charging Infrastructure and Charging Time......Page 303
5.5 Solar PV Modules......Page 305
5.7 Range Anxiety......Page 306
6 Financial Benefits......Page 307
References......Page 308
 Use of Phase Change Materials for Energy-Efficient Buildings in India......Page 313
1 Introduction......Page 314
2 Mathematical Modeling......Page 316
2.1 Hot Zone......Page 322
2.3 Composite Zone......Page 324
3.1 Hot Zone......Page 326
3.2 Cold Zone......Page 330
3.3 Composite Zone......Page 331
4 Conclusions......Page 333
References......Page 334
Energy Storage......Page 336
1 Introduction......Page 337
2 Design Details of Double Reflector-Based Parabolic Solar Cooker Integrated with Latent Heat Storage Unit......Page 348
3 Numerical Modeling......Page 355
4 Results and Discussions......Page 358
5 Conclusion......Page 367
References......Page 368
1 Introduction......Page 370
2 Experimental Setup......Page 373
2.1 Thermal Energy Storage......Page 375
3 Experimental Methodology......Page 376
3.1 Temperature Measurement in TES......Page 377
3.2 Procedure......Page 378
4.2 Pressure Drop in Secondary TES......Page 380
4.3 Charging of Secondary TES......Page 381
5 Energy Balance......Page 385
References......Page 386
1.1 Solar Domestic Water Heating......Page 388
1.3 PCM-Based Solar Water Heater......Page 389
2 Problem Description......Page 391
3 Mathematical Model......Page 392
3.1 PCM Volume......Page 393
4 Numerical Solution......Page 394
5.1 Simulation Parameters......Page 395
5.2 Simulation Prediction for a Single Charging and Discharging Cycle......Page 396
6 Effect of Design Parameters......Page 397
6.1 Effect of Inlet Temperature of Water During Charging......Page 398
6.2 Effect of Inlet Flow Velocity During Charging......Page 401
6.3 Effect of Inlet Flow Velocity During Discharging......Page 403
6.4 Effect of Charging Time......Page 404
6.5 Effect of Domain Length......Page 405
6.6 Effect of Height of Flow Channel......Page 407
6.7 Effect of Height of PCM Chamber......Page 409
7 Conclusion......Page 412
References......Page 414
1 Introduction......Page 416
2.1 Classifications of PCMs......Page 417
2.2 Desired Properties of Phase Change Heat Storage Materials......Page 418
2.3 Numerical Analysis of LHTES Systems......Page 419
2.4 Applications of PCMs in Low Temperature Range......Page 422
3 Different Methods to Effectively Utilize the PCMs......Page 426
3.1 Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques to Improve the Thermal Performance of PCMs......Page 427
4.1 Introduction......Page 429
4.2 Types of PCM-Based Heat Exchangers......Page 430
4.4 Effect of Various Dimensionless Numbers on Melting and Solidification of PCM......Page 433
4.5 Effect of Geometry on Melting and Solidification (Phase Change)......Page 436
6 Inferences......Page 437
7 Research Gaps......Page 438
References......Page 439