New Perspectives in Forensic Human Skeletal Identification

Front-Matter_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification
	New Perspectives in Forensic Human Skeletal Identification
Copyright_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification
	Copyright
Dedication_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification
	Dedication
List-of-Contributo_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identifi
	List of Contributors
Foreword_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification
	Foreword
Preface_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification
	Preface
Chapter-1---Introduct_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Ident
	1 - Introduction
Chapter-2---Human-Skeletal-Variation-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Huma
	2 - Human Skeletal Variation and Forensic Anthropology
		The Variance Equation
		ANCOVA and Hypothesis Testing
		Adequate Sampling
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-3---Advancements-in-Sex-and_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-
	3 - Advancements in Sex and Ancestry Estimation
		Introduction
		What Is New in Understanding Sexual Dimorphism as It Relates to Forensic Anthropological Practice
			Biological and Environmental Processes and Sexual Dimorphism
			Why Are There Size Differences Between the Sexes
		Subadult Sex Estimation
			Cranial Sexual Dimorphism
			Current Practice
		What Is New in Understanding Human Biological Variation and What Are the Implications to Forensic Anthropological Practice
			Estimation of Ancestry or Geographic Origin
				How Does Population Genetic Theory Influence the Ability to Estimate Ancestry
				What Has Been Learned Recently About US Populations
		New Advances in Applications of Ancestry Estimation
			Types of Craniometric Data
			Current Practice
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-4---Advances-in-Cranial-Macromorphosco_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Fore
	4 - Advances in Cranial Macromorphoscopic Trait and Dental Morphology Analysis for Ancestry Estimation
		The Data
			Cranial Macromorphoscopic Traits
			Dental Morphology
		Current Methods in Forensic Anthropology
			Cranial Macromorphoscopic Traits
			Dental Morphology
		Statistical Analyses
			Appropriate Reference Samples
			Support Vector Machines
			Decision Trees
			Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates
			Development of Statistical Packages to Aid in Estimation
				rASUDAS
				Macromorphoscopic Databank
		Case Study
			Results: Cranial Macromorphoscopic Traits
			Results: Dental Morphology
			Results of Case Study
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter-5---Evaluating-Mixture-Discriminant-Ana_2018_New-Perspectives-in-For
	5 - Evaluating Mixture Discriminant Analysis to Classify Human Mandibles With (hu)MANid, a Free, R-Based GUI
		Introduction
			Mixture Discriminant Analysis
		Materials and Methods
			The (hu)MANid Program
			Mixture Discriminant Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis Comparison
		Results
			Model Comparison
			Known Mandibles Classification Comparison
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter-6---A-Decade-of-Developmen_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-S
	6 - A Decade of Development in Juvenile Aging
		Dry Bone Skeletal Analysis
			Fusion of Primary and Secondary Ossification Centers
			Bony Measurements
			Practical Application
		Skeletal Analysis via Conventional Radiography
			Atlas Method
			Morphological Changes of the Epiphyses
			Appearance Times and Epiphyseal Union
			Metric Analysis
		Skeletal Analysis via Other Imaging Techniques
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound
			Computed Tomography
			Image Analysis of Developing Bone Structure
		Case Application
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-7---Estimation-of-Immature-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-
	7 - Estimation of Immature Age From the Dentition
		References
Chapter-8---Adult-Age-at-Death-Estimation-in_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forens
	8 - Adult Age-at-Death Estimation in Unknown Decedents: New Perspectives on an Old Problem
		Introduction
		Macroscopic Age Estimation From the Adult Skeleton
			Pubic Symphysis
			Sternal Rib Ends
			Auricular Surface
			Cranial Sutures
			Late Fusing Epiphyses
			Acetabulum
			General Age Indicators
			Multifactorial Aging Methods
			Transition Analysis
			Case Study
		Summary
		Appendix A. Quick Reference Guide for Practical Applications of Adult Age-at-Death Estimation Techniques
			Appendix A-1. Hartnett–Fulginiti (H–F) Revised Pubic Symphysis Phase Descriptions and Statistics (Hartnett, 2010a, pp. 1147, 114...
			Appendix A-2. Hartnett–Fulginiti (H–F) Revised Fourth Sternal Rib End Phase Descriptions and Statistics (Hartnett, 2010b, pp. 11...
			Appendix A-3. Osborne et al. (2004, p. 909) Combined Sex Phase Descriptions and Statistics for Adult Age Estimation for the Auri...
			Appendix A-4. Langley-Shirley and Jantz (2010, pp. 573,581) Medial Clavicle Five-Phase Descriptions and Statistics. In the Three...
			Appendix A-5. Calce (2012, pp. 15–17) Descriptions for Acetabular Age Estimation
		References
Chapter-9---Multivariate-Regression-Met_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Hu
	9 - Multivariate Regression Methods for the Analysis of Stature
		Introduction
		Of Raw Data and Summary Multivariate Statistics
		To Log or Not to Log
		Summary Statistics
		Which of the Five Regression Lines to Use in Allometric Analysis
		A Lengthy Digression on Regression
		Do Human Populations Have the Same Allometries
		Calculated Example From a 7′7″ Tall Individual
		A Markov Chain Monte Carlo Example From a 7′7″ Tall Individual
		Long Bones and Stature in the Evidentiary Setting
		Departures From Allometry
		Marriage of the Anatomical and Mathematical Treatments of Stature
		Conclusion
		Appendix I
		Appendix II
		References
Chapter-10---Full-Skeleton-Stat_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skel
	10 - Full Skeleton Stature Estimation
		Revision and Testing
		Mathematical Formulae Derived Using Anatomical Stature
		Other Practical Applications and Further Investigations
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-11---The-History-and-Use-of-the-National-M_2018_New-Perspectives-in-
	11 - The History and Use of the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs) in the Identification of Unknown Persons
		Introduction
		A Brief History of NamUs
		System Overview
		Advanced Tools, Resources, and Challenges
		Success Across National Boundaries
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter-12---The-Utilization-of-Databases_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-
	12 - The Utilization of Databases for the Identification of Human Remains
		Introduction
		The Use of Nongenetic Databases for Identification
		The Use of Custom DNA Databases for Identification: Laboratory Information Systems APPLICATIONS
		The Use of DNA Databases for Identification: CODIS
		Emerging DNA Technologies and Their Application to Forensic Genetics
		Conclusion
		References
		Further Reading
Chapter-13---Flexibility-in-Testing-Skeletonized-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-F
	13 - Flexibility in Testing Skeletonized Remains for DNA Analysis Can Lead to Increased Success: Suggestions and Case Studies
		Introduction
		Extraction of DNA From Skeletonized Remains
		Small Samples and the Possibility of Nonhuman Remains
			Case Study #1
			Case Study #2
		Sampling of Teeth
		Skeletal Samples Retrieved From Water
			Soft Tissue Decomposition in Water
			Case Study #3
			Wet Tissue Is an Issue, What About Bone
			Case Study #4
		Commingling of Remains: Intentional and Coincidental
			Unintentional Commingling During World War II—Cabanatuan
			Cabanatuan Sample Processing
		Suspected Intentional Commingling During the Korean War
			Korean War Sample Analysis
		Conclusions
		Disclaimer
		References
Chapter-14---Forensic-Identification-of-Human-Skelet_2018_New-Perspectives-i
	14 - Forensic Identification of Human Skeletal Remains Using Isotopes: A Brief History of Applications From Archaeological Dig Sites to Modern Crime Scenes
		Introduction
			Not All Atoms of an Element Are Alike
			A Specialized Form of Mass Spectrometry Measures Isotope Abundances
		Selection and Preparation of Remains for Isotope Analysis
		Interpretation of Isotope Data from Human Remains
			Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes
			Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes
			How Human Tissues Record Water Isotopes
			Strontium Isotopes
		History of Application of Isotope Analysis in Forensic Casework
		Recent Case Study Examples
			“Lyle Stevik”
			The Embalmed Head
			Linn County Homicide Victim
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-15---Applications-of-Stable-Isotope-Forensic_2018_New-Perspectives-i
	15 - Applications of Stable Isotope Forensics for Geolocating Unidentified Human Remains From Past Conflict Situations and Large-Scale Humanitarian Efforts
		Introduction
		Brief Background on the Application of Stable Isotope Analysis to Unidentified Human Remains
			Provenancing Human Remains From the Vietnam War
			Provenancing Human Remains of Undocumented Border Crossers
		Samples
			Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Samples
			Undocumented Border Crosser Samples
		Sample Preparation and Analysis
		Results and Interpretation
			Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Sample Results
			Undocumented Border Crosser Sample Results
		Conclusions and Implications for Further Research
		References
Chapter-16---Bomb-Pulse-Radiocarbon-D_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Huma
	16 - Bomb Pulse Radiocarbon Dating of Skeletal Tissues
		Introduction
		Traditional Radiocarbon Dating
			Bone Dating
			Radiocarbon Analyses
		Radiocarbon Bomb Pulse
		Tooth Dating
			Procedures
				Enamel Processing
				Root Processing
				Radiocarbon Measurement
			Determining Date of Birth
			Combining Bomb Pulse Dating With Other Techniques
				Aspartic Acid Racemization
					Case Report
				Geographical Differences in δ13C and δ18O
				DNA
					Case Report
		Cartilage, Bone, and Hair
		Conclusions and Prospects
		Acknowledgments
		Disclaimer
		References
		Further Reading
Chapter-17---Species-Determination-F_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human
	17 - Species Determination From Fragmentary Evidence
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-18---Bone-Histology-as-an-Integrate_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensi
	18 - Bone Histology as an Integrated Tool in the Process of Human Identification
		Introduction
		Bone Biology, Histomorphology, and Histomorphometry
		Osseous Versus Nonosseous Material and Human Versus Nonhuman Bone
		DNA Sample Selection
		Age Estimation
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-19---Overview-of-Advances-in-Forens_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensi
	19 - Overview of Advances in Forensic Radiological Methods of Human Identification
		Introduction and Background
		Radiological Imaging Methods
			Radiography
			Fluoroscopy
			Computed Axial Tomography
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Ultrasound
		Application of Radiological Methods to Human Identification
			Establishing Context
				Human Versus Nonhuman
				Detecting Commingling
				Locating and Retrieving Artifacts and Personal Effects
			Human Identification
				Establishing the Biological Profile
					Age Estimation
					Sex Estimation
					Stature Estimation
					Ancestry Estimation
				Positive Identification of Individuals by Comparison of Antemortem and Postmortem Radiological Data
		Mass Fatality Incidents
		Summary
		References
Chapter-20---Advances-in-the-Use-of-Fron_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-H
	20 - Advances in the Use of Frontal Sinuses for Human Identification
		Introduction
			Development, Anatomy, and Variation of Frontal Sinuses
			Examination of Frontal Sinuses
			Frontal Sinuses in Identification
			Frontal Sinuses in Sex and Ancestry Estimation
		Recent Advances in Identification Using Frontal Sinuses
			Quantitative Comparisons
			Admissibility Challenges to Frontal Sinus Identification
			Imaging and Software Advances
			Advanced Quantification/Automation
		Conclusion
		Disclaimer
		References
Chapter-21---Advances-in-the-Use-of-Craniof_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensi
	21 - Advances in the Use of Craniofacial Superimposition for Human Identification
		Introduction
		Uses in Personal Identification
		Historical Development of Craniofacial Superimposition
		Reliability of Superimposition: Validation Studies
		Limitations of Superimposition
		Case Example
		Conclusion
		References
		Further Reading
Chapter-22---Comparative-Medical-Radiog_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Hu
	22 - Comparative Medical Radiography: Practice and Validation
		Introduction
		Practice in the Forensic Anthropology Laboratory
		Recent Research in Comparative Medical Radiography
		Procedure
			Standards and Best Practices
			Producing Postmortem Radiographs
			AM and PM Radiograph Comparison
				Chest and Abdominal Radiographs
				Hands and Feet
				Knee
			Surgical Implants
			Outcomes of Comparison
			Limitations and Cautions
			Writing the Case Report
		Case Study
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-23---The-Computer-Assisted-Decedent-Ide_2018_New-Perspectives-in-For
	23 - The Computer-Assisted Decedent Identification Method of Computer-Assisted Radiographic Identification
		Introduction
			Identification in the Medical Examiner/Coroner Setting
			Medical Examiner/Coroner Case Study I—Tentatively Identified Adult Male
			Medical Examiner/Coroner Case Study II—Skeletal Remains Associated With a Missing Person Case
		Forensic Radiological Comparison for Personal Identification
		Computer-Assisted Biometric Matching of Radiological Imaging
		The Computer-Assisted Decedent Identification Method
			Second-Phase Testing of CADI
		Implementing Computer-Assisted Decedent Identification in Practice
		Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter-24---Skeletal-Identification-by-Radiogr_2018_New-Perspectives-in-For
	24 - Skeletal Identification by Radiographic Comparison of the Cervicothoracic Region on Chest Radiographsa,b
		Introduction
		Standardized Posteroanterior Chest Radiograph Comparison for Dry Skeletal Elements
		Which Items-of-Concordance Are Most Commonly Used
		Exemplar Features of the Cervicothoracic Region Useful for Radiographic Comparison
			Overarching Clavicle Form
			Medial Clavicle Edge Shape
			Medial Clavicle Borders
			Rhomboid Fossa Morphology
			Lateral Clavicle
			Cervical Vertebrae Morphology
			C7 Neural Arch Outline
			T1 Transverse Process Morphology
			Other Vertebral Opacities
		Examples of Two DPAA Chest Radiograph Comparison Cases
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter-25---International-Advances-in-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Hu
	25 - International Advances in Identification of Human Remains
		Population Variation
		Collections
		Human Rights Investigations/Humanitarian Action
		Regional Development of Facilities
		Certification
		International Support in Forensic Anthropology
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-26---Using-Elliptical-Fourier-Analysis-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-For
	26 - Using Elliptical Fourier Analysis to Interpret Complex Morphological Features in Global Populations
		Elliptical Fourier Analysis
		Acquiring and Processing the Digital Images
		Applications of Elliptical Fourier Analysis to Discrete Skeletal Traits
		Variance in the Shape of the Orbital Margins
		Variance in the Shape of the Obturator Foramen
		Variance in the Shape of the Greater Sciatic Notch
		Variance in the Shape of the Nasal Aperture
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-27---Forensic-Anthropology-and-t_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-H
	27 - Forensic Anthropology and the Biological Profile in South Africa
		Introduction
		Ancestry Estimation
		Sex Estimation
			Adult Sex Estimation
			Juvenile Sex Estimation
		Age-at-Death Estimation
			Juvenile Age Estimation
			Adult Age Estimation
		Stature Estimation
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter-28---The-Influence-of-Operational-Workflow_2018_New-Perspectives-in-
	28 - The Influence of Operational Workflow and Mortuary Environment on Identification: A Case Study From the WWI Battle of Fromelles
		Background
		Site Organization
		Overall Identification Process
		Team Composition
		Environment
		The Excavation Site
		The Temporary Mortuary
			Anthropology Workstations
			The Information Network
		Workflow
		The Excavation
			Grave Preparation
			Excavation
			DNA Sampling
			Photography
			Surveying
			Lifting and Handover
		The Temporary Mortuary Process
			Reception
			Radiography
			Processing
			Anthropology
			Photography
			Finds
			Data Management
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-29---Advances-in-Disaster-V_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-
	29 - Advances in Disaster Victim Identification
		Introduction
			Disaster Victim Identification
		A Holistic Approach to Disaster Victim Identification
		Bayesian Statistics
		Bayesian Statistics and Identification
		What Would a Holistic Approach to Disaster Victim Identification Look Like
		Anthropology
			Age
			Trauma
		Forensic Pathology
			Tattoos
			Surgery
		Dental
		Fingerprints
		Recovery Location
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-30---Summary--The-Future-of-Forensi_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensi
	30 - Summary: The Future of Forensic Identification Methods From the Human Skeleton
Index_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification
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